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AMEEICAN 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



BEING A COMPLETE EXPOSITION 



OF 



PHONETIC SHORTHAND; 



ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO THE SCHOOL-ROOM, AND TO AFFORD 

THE FULLEST INSTRUCTION TO THOSE WHO HAVE NOT 

THE ASSISTANCE OF THE ORAL TEACHER. 



BY ELIAS LONGLEY. 



LONGLEY & BROTHER, PHONETIC PUBLISHERS, 

WALNUT STREET, BETWEEN FOURTH & FIFTH* 

CINCINNATI 
1854. 



■^54- 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, 

BY LONGLEY <fc BROTHER, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Ohio. 



A., C. James, Stereotyper, Cincinnati, Ohio. 




PREFACE. 

In preparing this Manual of Phonetic Shorthand, the 
author has had but one leading object in view, namely: 
to afford a speedy means of acquiring a correct and prac- 
tical knowledge of the much coveted art. The books that 
have heretofore been used have all answered a good pur- 
pose ; but they have all, with one exception probably, 
been rendered comparatively obsolete by the introduction 
into the system of two or three important improvements. 
These are incorporated into the present work ; and in all 
probability they will be the last changes that will be made 
for a considerable length of time, if not entirely the last. 

In one important particular this treatise differs from all 
others that have been published ; namely, the exercises to 
be written by the pupil are printed in phonetic spelling. 
By this arrangement two important advantages are gained: 
First ; the learner will be made acquainted with the sim- 
plicity and utility of phonetic spelling as applied to print- 
ing, and will undoubtedly be so'pleased with it as to be- 
come its ardent advocate ; and a familiarity with it will 
also be of service to him hereafter, in enabling him to 
read with ease such phonetic books and papers as he may 
meet with elsewhere. Second ; in writing his exercises 
the pupil will more readily transcribe the word s into pho- 
nography. Learners are very apt to be troubled by try- 
ing to get as many letters into their phonographic word as 
the old spelling contains, and thus make blunders ; but 
by writing from the words printed phonetically this diffi- 
culty will be avoided. And they can always tell whether 
their writing is correct, by referring to the tables where the 



If 



PBXFACX. 



shorthand characters are placed in juxtaposition with the 
printing characters. 

Another leading feature is such an arrangement 
of the lessons that no word, or class of words, is re- 
quired to be written until the principle has been ex- 
plained by which they pi a in their most approved 
forms. By this means, the siuJent is not compelled to 
spend his time in learning I 

and then suffer the discouragement of having to dro,» and 
forget the forms thus learned, and familiarize himself wivh 
new and better ones. What is once learned in this book, 
remains a fixed fact with the pupil in all his after . 
the system. There are hundreds of persons now. who, 
having studied Phonography through what was called the 
learner's style, have not yet been able to drop it and adopt 
the advanced and more practical style of writing; but 
will have to do it I y can be recognized as y 

phonographic writers : and the unlearning of their present 
hy and awkward forms for words, added to the new 
forms they must learn, is fully equal to learning the 
tern from the beginning. 

In consequence of this progressive arrangement, the ex- 
s to be written necessarily possess an impe: 
of composition. The past tenses of verbs, the compar- 
and superlatives of ad' md, indeed, a large 
portion of the words in our 1 . g lag » written by con- 
tracted forms, which are introduced gradually thr 
the book. And the words in each exercise being confined 
as much as possible to the illustration of the principle 
jus: introduced, renders nc.. ... many cir- 
s expressions for the development of an idea : this 
harshness and quaintness. however, diminishes as su. .;- 
sive lessons are mastered. 



preface. v 

The review ai the close of each chapter is a new feature, 
and will be of great assistance to the teacher, especially 
to the unexperienced, in questioning his class as to what 
they have gone over ; it will also be useful to the private 
learner, filling the place, almost, of an oral teacher. The 
questions may be asked the class either collect- 
ively or individually : the latter is generally the better 
way. It would be well, as often as convenient, to have 
the pupils illustrate their answers on the black-board. 

Immediately following the explanation of each new 
principle is an exercise for writing, which should be 
written before progressing further, while the manner in 
which the words are to be written are fresh in the mind. 
Then, at the close of each lesson, is an exercise for read- 
ing, embracing as much as possible, words illustrative of 
the preceding text. After this is a general writing exer- 
cise, embodying, beside the principles just presented, all 
that has previously been learned. This should be writ- 
ten by each pupil, during the interval between the meet- 
ings of the class ; and at the next recitation, the pupils 
should exchange their manuscripts with each other, and 
then read, each a sentence in turn, from these written 
exercises. They might then be passed to the teacher for 
his correction. 

As a substitute for t'.is, the private learner is referred 
to the constitution of the American Phonetic Society, at 
the close of this book ; which will inform him of a way 
in which he can secure the assistance of experienced pho~ 
nographers, either for the correction of his exercises, or 
for mutual improvement, through the medium of phono- 
graphic correspondence. 

The author would acknowledge his indebtedness to the 
Phonographic Class-Book of Andrews <fc Boyle, the first 



VI PREFACE 

text book of the system published in America, for many 
of his most appropriate illustrations ; and to the Phono- 
graphic Instructor, by James C. Boothe, the more recent 
work generally used, for numerous sentences, and, in a 
few cases, whole paragraphs of exercises for reading and 
writing. 

Phonography is the invention of Mr. Isaac Pitman, of 
Bath, England. It is about fifteen years since he issued 
his first publication of the system ; but only during the 
last ten years has it been taught, and but six since it was 
introduced into the United States. In the year 1843 a 
Phonetic Society was established in Great Britain, consist- 
ing of persons who had learned to write Phonography ; 
its object was to promote the adoption of phonetic writing- 
it has gradually increased till it now numbers about four 
thousand members. A similar Society was established in 
the United States in 1849, which now numbers about one 
thousand members. But these Societies do not embrace a 
hundredth part of the persons who have learned to write 
the system. In 1850 a Phonetic Council of one hundred 
persons (fifty in Great Britain and fifty in America.) was 
elected by a popular vote of the phonographers of each 
country, for the purpose of uniting the efforts and skill of 
all in effecting some further improvements in the art, and 
in devising ways and means for promoting its general 
adoption. This Council, together with the assistance of 
both Phonetic Societies, have had the system under 
thorough revision for two years ; and after so long and 
thorough experiments it is reasonable to believe that the 
system is as near perfection as it is possible for an art to 
approximate. f * 



CONTENTS. 



Introduction, p. 9 ; Phonotypy, 15 ; Phonography, 19 

Simple Consonants, 25 

Vowel Scheme, \'.2fl 

Marks of Punctuation, 28 

Diphthongs, Dot H, ..... 32 

Combined Consonants, . . " '. 34 

Up-strokes, E, X, L, ..!!."!! 38-41 

Vowel Word-Signs, 43 

Circle S and Z, !!!!!!."!!! 45 

Prefixes Com, Con, and Affix Ing, '.'. A9 

Consonant Word-Signs, .!.*!."" 50 

W-Diphthong .!!!!! .'. '. 54 

w-hook, and tripthongs, !!!!!!!!!!!! 56 

W Word-Signs, 58 

Y-Diphthongs, ' ' " * " "".".*." 60 

L-Hook, ..,..!..".. 64 

Special Scheme of Vocalization, .....65 

L-Hook Preceded by the S-Circle, 66 

L-Hook Word-Signs, ........ ,G7 

R-Hook, [' ' ' 69 

R-Hook Preceded by the S-Circle, 71 

Double Curve for 3r, '. '. 72 

R-Hook Word-Signs, 72 

N-Hook, ............. ' . 75 

iST-HoOK FOLLOWED BY S-ClRCLE, " . . .......... 77 

Xn-Hook, .......... "so 

Vowel Contractions, \ m \ ] * g^ 

Dissyllabic Diphthongs, !!!!!!!!!!!!! .82 

Half-Length Strokes, \ . ."!,"."" [ 84 

Half -Length Word-Signs, !."..".. 87 

Lgrens Lazi; gr, Lurning Fonografi, V. .... .89 

Loops St and Str, ;"!!!!!!! 91 

Anomalous N and En, .......'..." ." 94 

Prefixes, .' .97 

Affixes, 1 ....'.' '.""/. '. . . 98 

Nominal Consonant, , , , .' " \ \\\\ " " " ' ioo 



Till CONTENTS. 

Stroke H, 100 

Vocalizing the Large Circle, 100 

Omission of P, K, T, 100 

" "of the," 101 

Similar Words written with Different Outlines, ... 102 

All the Word-Signs Alphabetically Arranged, 106 

Phraseography, 109 

Declaration of Independence, (in Phonography.) 117 



INTRODUCTION. 

Within the last hundred years important changes have 
taken place in almost every department of industry. The 
mechanic no longer seeks the swiftly running stream to 
propel his machinery, but erects his mill or factory on 
ground the most convenient for labor or for market, and 
brings the elements into subjection for the performance 
of his drudgery; the stage-coach horse-power, for loco- 
motion, is almost forgotten in consideration of the iron- 
boned steed hitched to the enormous wheeled palace ; the 
sea- voyage of weary months is now performed pleasantly 
in as many weeks, by the application of steam to naviga- 
tion ; and the man of business no longer waits the rapid 
transmission of thought by such conveyance, but com- 
municates through the length and breadth of our wide- 
spreading country with lightning speed. 

Thus the genius of invention and improvement has 
been abroad in the land, and although for a long time 
she confined her skill to building steamboats and making 
railroads, constructing machinery and teaching the light- 
ning how to talk, she has not altogether forgotten the 
world of intellect; and Phonography, her last, most 
promising and glorious boon, presents to the world an al- 
phabet of letters so simple and facile that he who uses it 
may readily keep pace with the fastest speaker, — affording 
a system of writing as much superior to that of the old 
script alphabet, as railroads are to the ancient truck- 
wheeled wagon, or the electric telegraph to the post boy's 
plodding gait. 

2 ° (9) 



10 INTRODUCTION. 

We do not wish to underrate the value of the present 
system of writing ; it has been of great service in its time, 
having done much in the way of civilizing and enlight- 
ening the races of men. But the present state of things in 
the scientific world demands a change in the character of 
our written language. Science is a stern ruler ; her laws 
encircle every art; and although for a long time they may 
remain undiscovered or not applied, yet as the world pro- 
gresses in knowledge and learns wisdom from experience, 
it will cause them to be developed, and future generations 
will derive the advantages of conforming to them. — 
These facts have been illustrated in the various improve- 
ments to which we have alluded ; and they are still to be 
expected in such departments as have not yet undergone 
the remodeling process of modern ingenuity. They take 
their turn in the great circle of progression ; and it is our 
privilege now to demonstrate the laws thnt apply to the 
art of writing, as required at this stage of the world's his- 
tory. 

The spirit of our age demands two new features in the 
art of writing: First, Speed in its execution; second, Sys- 
tem in its orthography. In treating of the first desideratum 
we shall briefly refer to the old romanic alphabet, and 
the habits of writing it requires. Like the ancient imple- 
ments of industry and modes of labor, the alphabet of 
our fathers was constructed at a time when the ingenuity 
of man had not been brought into full play. The letters 
are complex, and the use of them cumbersome in the ex- 
treme. To illustrate: take the letter $ for example ; to 
make this letter, the fingers have to perform four inflec- 
tions or movements, while it represents but a simple sound; 
in making the letter m seven inflections are required, 
while it, too, represents but one sound; and every letter 



INTRODUCTION. 1 1 

of the old alphabet is thus complex, to a greater or less 
degree, although they are designed each to represent but 
a single sound. 

Now, while there is this complexity in the art of wri- 
ting, in spoken language the organs of speech perform but 
one movement in the enunciation of each letter; and hence 
the labor of the penman is four or five times as great as 
that of the speaker; while the latter is moving off freely, 
as on the wings of the wind, the former is trudging along 
at the snail's pace, weary and provoked at the contrast. 

The object to be accomplished, therefore, is to present 
an alphabet each letter of which can be written by one 
inflection of the pen, so that the writer need no longer 
be four times distanced by the moderate speaker ; and if 
the reader will follow us through this book, he will see 
that the system we are about to develop more than 
meets this requisition. 

But a greater difficulty, if possible, than the mere sub- 
stitution of a new alphabet, is to be overcome. The or- 
thography employed in using the old alphabet is nearly 
as cumbrous as the formation of its letters ; while its 
want of system makes it a study of many years to mem- 
orize the spelling of the fifty or eighty thousand words 
in our language. 

Thus, take the sound of a; if we had nothing to do, 
in order to represent it in our common writing, but to 
write the one letter called a, the evil would be trifling 
compared with what'it is. But we more frequently have 
to write two 01 three, and even four, letters to represent 
this one sound. It has, in fact, thirty-four different modes 
of representation, consisting of various combinations of 
nine different letters, a few only of which we have room 
to exhibit. Thi^ "-*• «» iri Aaron, ai, as in pam, aig, a? 



12 INTRODfCTION. 

in campaign ; aiy/i, as in straight ; eight, as in weighed, 
<fec. Now common sense, as well as the laws of science, 
suggests that the sound of a in each and all these should 
be written with the same letter. When this shall be done, 
more than two thirds of the ltibor of representing this 
sound will be saved ; but by substituting a new letter 
that can be made with one movement of the pen instead 
of the four that a requires, and of th j four times four that 
several of the above combinations require, nine tenths of 
this labor will be avoided. In writing the sound a in these 
five words, instead of making fifty inflections of the pen, 
we will have to make bat fiott 

The sound of e is represented in forty different ways. 
Examples: ea, as in each ; ta-ue, as in ]eague ; eye, as in 
keyed; tig, as in *e : c/nor ; <iyli, as in Le'/gh. We need 
not repeat that the Bound of c in each of these words 
should be represented by the same letter ; or that by sub- 
stituting for the complex letter e a simple character that 
can be made with one motion of the pen, sever. -eights or 
nine-tenths of the labor in writing would be saved. — 
These are facts that are evident, after the illustrations are 
presented. And we might thus illustrate the unscientific 
mode of representing every word in our language, with 
equally formidable results. But we will only state the 
melancholy fact, that the various sounds employed in 
speaking the English language are each represented in 
from four to forty ways, and that in the large majority of 
cases two or more letters are required to do the service. 
And also, that there is no letter in the alphabet that uni- 
formly represents the same sound. They are as change- 
able as the wind or the weather, and to the young learner 
exceedingly provoking. The consequence of this want 
of system is, in the language of a distinguished writer on 



INTBODUCTION. 13 

the subject of education, that "reading is the most diffi- 
cult of human attainments." And, as a further conse- 
quence, one third of the population of England are una- 
ble to read, and one half unable to write ; while in the 
United States, although the proportion is considerably less, 
yet the number of illiterate persons is very great ; and 
this wide-spread ignorance must continue until the 
rudiments of education are simplified. Such incon- 
sistencies and mischievous errors as we have referred to, 
are not in harmony with the developments of order and 
science in most other branches of industry and art, and 
hence they must be superceeded by something truer and 
more expeditious. 

THE PHONETIC PRINCIPLE. 

The term Phonetic is derived from the Greek word 
phone, speech. A phonetic alphabet, therefore, is one 
which, referring solely to speech, derives all its laws from 
a consideration of the elements of speech. To illustrate 
what we mean by the phrase " elements of speech," we 
have but to ask the reader to adjust his lips to a round 
position and deliver the voice as he would commence to 
speak the words ode, oak, oim. Now this same sound 
is heard in thousands of words- in our language, and is 
what we call an element of speech. A similar element 
is heard in the commencement of the word ooze, and at 
the termination of the word who. In pronouncing the 
words see, say, saw, so, we hear, at the beginning of each 
of them, the same kind of a sound, namely a hiss, which 
is also an element of speech, for it frequently combines 
with other sounds to make words. By analyzing all the 
words in the English language, it has been found that it 
is constituted of but forty elementary sounds ; or to be 
more precise, thirty-four simple sounds and six compound 



14 INTRODUCTION. 

ones, formed by the close union of certain simple sounds 
which it is convenient to consider as distinct sounds. In 
speaking, therefore, our words consist simply in the ut- 
terance of one of these, or a combination of two or more 
of them; and in writing these words common sense would 
suggest that each element should be represented by a sin- 
gle letter, that should never stand for any other sound. 

It is supposed the original Phoenician alphabet, from 
which our present alphabet is remotely derived, was 
phonetic; that is, it represented the elements of speech in 
such a manner that when the sounds of a word were heard 
the writer knew immediately what letters to use, and 
when he saw the letters he knew at once what sounds he 
was to utter. But when this alphabet was adopted by the 
Greeks and Romans, who used sounds unknown to the 
Phoenicians, many of the old letters were necessarily used 
to represent new sounds as well as old ones, so that there 
was no longer any very strict accordance between the 
sounds and letters of words. But when other European 
nations, including the English, adopted the romanic alpha- 
bet, and used it in very different ways, insomuch that no 
one could guess what sound could be attributed to any one 
letter, almost all trace of the phonetic nature of the alpha- 
bet was lost. And hence the deplorable state of English 
spelling and writing, as depicted in previous pages, 
which, in few words, is so bad that no one can tell the 
sound of an unknown word from its spelling, or the spell- 
ing of a new word from its sound. 

Phonetic spelling, therefore, is no new thing, and the 
efforts of writing and spelling reformers is simply an at- 
tempt to place the representation of the English language 
on the same rational basis that the most classic of the 
ancient languages stood, and in addition thereto to afford 



INTRODUCTION. 15 

the means of the most rapid writing that it is possible to 
attain. No further argument, therefore, should be re- 
quired, in presenting a system so accordant with truth 
and utility. 

PHONOTYPY. 

The word Phonotypy, from the Greek -phone, speech, 
and tupos, type, signifies the printing of language by 
types which represent the sounds heard in speaking; while 
Phonography, also from phone and another Greek word, 
graphien, to write, signifies to write by sound, or with 
characters that represent the sounds heard in speech. 
Although the latter is the art which this work is specially 
designed to explain, yet a knowledge of the former will 
materially aid in its acquisition ; and as a sufficient ac- 
quaintance with it may be obtained in a few minutes' study, 
we shall here present a brief exposition of it. 

The forty elementary and dipthongal sounds* that it has 
been found necessary to represent in a true orthography 
of the English language, are exhibited by the italic letters 
in the following words: — 



eel 


ale 


arm all 


oak 


ooze, 


ill 


ell 


am on 


uip 


wood ; 


ice, 


oil, 


owl, mute; 


yea, 


way, A ay; 


jpole, 


Jowl, 


toe, doe, cheer, 


jeer, 


came, game , 


/ear, 


^eer, 


thigh, thy, seal, 


zeal, 


shd.ll, vision, 


rare, 


lull; 


mum, nun, sing. 







* Worcester's dictionary, and later writers on orthoepy, contend 
for a more minute analysis of sounds; thus, between the second and 
third vowels in the above scheme, they would represent the sound 
in care as differing from either that in ale or that in arm; and be- 
tween the vowels in arm and am they would mark a different one in 
fast, last, (fee: also the vowel in cur, as distinct from that in cut. 
The dipthongs in ice, oil, owl, mute, they would represent fry their 
elements, that is, in the case of i, they would represent it by the 
two letters that would represent the vowels in arm. and eel; the 
dipthong in oil, by the vowels in all and ill; that in owl by the 



16 INTRODUCTION. 

Of course the old twenty-six letter alphabet was incom- 
petent to give a character for each of these forty sounds. 
And in determining upon the introduction of new letters, 
two important considerations presented themselves to the 
mind, both grounded on the fact that the romanic style 
of spelling already existed in printed books, and flourish- 
es wherever our language is spoken or read. First, that 
those who can already read romanic spelling should hare 
very little difficulty in acquiring phonetic spelling; and 
secondly, that those who are taught to read phonetically 
should find that the greater part of the difficulties attend- 
ant on the acquirement of romanic reading were then 
overcome. In order to accomplish these two very impor- 
tant objects, it was necessary to use as many of the 
old romanic letters as possible in the senses which 
they most frequently have in the romanic spelling of 
English; and to make the new phonetic letters suggest the 
letters or combinations of letters which are most fre- 
quently employed to express their sounds romanically. 
The grand object was to make English reading easy — not 
merely in phonetic but also in romanic spelling, in order 
that the large number of books already printed should be 
still useful, or rather should be made useful to those to 
whom they are at present useless — the book-blind, those 
who cannot read. This has been effected. Not only is 
phonetic reading so easy to those who read romanically, 
that few find any difficulty in the matter at all, but those 

vowels in arm and ooze; and that in mute, by the vowels in ill and 
ooze. The consonants ch and j they would dissolve into t-sh and 
dzh. But the representation of such, delicate shades of sounds is 
hardly practicable; at the present time, at least ; it may be that un- 
der phonetic teaching the public ear will he trained so that a more 
nice representation will be advisable; though as regards the dip- 
ihongs and double consonants, it would be exceedingly distasteful 
to represent them by the letters of which they are composed, and 
we have no idea it will ever be done. 



INTRODUCTION. 17 

who have only learned to read phonetically are more than 
two-thirds on their way towards romanic reading. 

Out of the twenty-six romanic letters, three, c, q, x, 
have been rejected. The fifteen consonants, 
bdfhjlmnprtvwyz 
are used in their usual romanic sense ; that is, in the 
sense which the English romanic reader would naturally 
expect them to have in any new word, as they are pro- 
nounced at the beginning of the romanic words, 

bed, deed, /it, head, /est, Zull, man. mm, 
j?eep, rare, foe, vote, woe, yes, zeal. 

The five vowels, a, e, i, o, u, and the remaining three 
consonants, k, g, s, are to be pronounced as at the begin- 
ning of 

am, egg, in, on, up, kite, get, sup. 

New letters have been invented for the sounds expressed 
by the italic letters in the under-written words in the fol- 
lowing examples : 

8e aa Rq, Be (Do IF ui U u *j CT o 

eel age arm all oak ooze foot ice oil 

"ST* Uh Gq Ht 3d SJ X 3 TJn 

owl mule catch thin, thine she vision sing 

On the following page the whole alphabet is presented 
in a systematic arrangement ; first, the vowels; second, the 
compound vowels ; third, the liquids ; fourth, the conso- 
nants. In this particular, unimportant though it may- 
seem, the new alphabet is an improvement on the old — 
which is little more than a string of confusion— here a 
vowel and there a vowel, a consonant here and another 
there. 



18 



INTRODUCTION. 



THE ENGLISH PHONETIC ALPHABET. 



The letter 

prntd 



9 g 




A <% 


a a 


&4 


a« 


&-& 


0e 


Cr^cr 


O o 


Hi Ml 


UJra 


rf I 


li 


f .c 


Ee 


jf M. 


A a 


'C a 


Oo 


% M 


U a 


id m 


Uu 


% I 


i| 


n 




% « 


tu 


irtr 


Ww 


ft A 


Hh 



is altrayi 
sounded && 

ee in eel 



ale 

elms 

all 

ope 

food 

m 

e\l 

am 

ciivc 

up 

foot 



a 
o 
oo 

i 

e 
a 
o 
u 
oo 

i 

oi 
ow 
u 

y 

to 



The letter 


written 


prntd 




^P 


S ,(- 


Bb 


r t 


Tt 


25 d 


Da 


% 4. 


Cc 


y * 


Jj 


S€ £ 


Kk 


9 ? 


Gg 


& 4 


Ff 
V v 


Z 4- 


lit 


~~* r\ 




'& sV 


3d 


& * 


Ss 


<Y n 




S^> Vv- 


Z z 


Z* 


E| 


9 y 


^3 


ft T 


Rr 


*■ € 


LI 




M m 


JTn 


Nn 


fV 


TJij 



is alwaft 
sounded a* 


P 


indole 


i 


. . fowl 


t 


. . foe 


d 


.. doe 


ch 


. . c/ieer 


9 


..jeer 


c 


.. fame 


$ 


. . yame 


f 


../ear 


V 


. . rcer 


U 


. . tisgh 


a 


..thy 


i 


. . #eal 


■ 


.. real 


c 


. . vinous 


s 


. . viriop 


r 


.. rar 


I 


..lull 


m 


. . mum 


n 


.. an* 


*§ 


.. »i/z^ 



isle 
oil 
ok] 
mule 

yea 
way 

iay 

N te. — In the above table, in addition to the printing letters of 
the phonetic alphabet, are presented the longhand script characters. 
It -will be observed that, as in the phonotypic scheme, the old let- 
ters are retained in their usual sense, and new ones introduced, 
having resemblance to their corresponding printed letters, and of 
a? easy formation as possible. This alphabet is used by Spelling 
Reformers, who are so m truth, in all cases where the phonetic 
shorthand could not be read by the person for whom the writing 
is done ; for phonetic longhand may be read, with very little hesi- 
tation, by all who can read the old manuscript. And the writer, 
in addition to the satisfaction of employing a scientific orthogra- 
phy, economizes twelve per cent of his paper and time, by dis- 
pensing with double letters. 



INTRODUCTION. 19 



PHONOGRAPHY. 



Phonography being intended for the pen alone, and the 
principal object being rapidity of execution, with a mod- 
erate degree of legibility, considerable lisense is taken as 
regards strictly phonetic principles. It cannot be said of 
phonetic shorthand that " no sound must be represented 
by more than one sign," and that "no sign must represent 
more than one sound." The reverse of this statement is 
true in frequent instances; but not in such away as mate- 
rially to impair the scientific accuracy of the system. In 
point of utility there are great advantages derived from 
having two or three forms to represent certain sounds, and 
no serious disadvantage. 

The simplest signs which it was possible to obtain for 
the phonographic alphabet, are, 1st, the dot; 2d, the dash; 
3d, the straight line; 4th, the curve. The dots and dashes 
are used to represent the vowels; the straight lines and 
curves represent the consonants. The following diagrams 
exhibit the source from which the latter are derived, or 
rather the different positions to each other in which they 
are placed to represent different letters. 



( ) 



It will be observed that the straight line assumes four 
different positions, and the curved one eight; these are as 
many positions as can be recognized without danger of 
confusion; and these two simple characters can be written 
in these twelve positions so as to be just as distinct and 
legible as though this number of differently shaped letters 



20 INTRODUCTION. 

were employed. Here now we hare the means of repre- 
senting twelve consonant sounds; but since in writing we 
can make either light or heavy marks, this number may 
be doubled by recognizing the same number of L 
lines and curv 

While it is found necessary to make each of the prim- 
itive characters heavy, in order to obtain a sufficient 
numl .so found a useful and philosophical method 

of distinguishing between the natures of different sounds. 
Thus, eight of the sounds which these characters are to 
r present are mere whispers, produced by the transition of 
the organs of speech from one position to another, or by 
the simple contact of different r mouth, with- 

out any vocal sound; and tfc<_ n made in 

.me manner, but have in addition a slightly rough- 
ened or zoeal sound, which require a greater effort to 
produce them. To follow nature, therefore, and preserve 
a correspondence between signs and sounds, the light 
signs are made to r .ae light or whispered sounds, 

and the heavy ^^5 to represent the heavy sounds. Thus, 
both the difference between the sounds and their resem- 
blance are at once repre- it being so natural 
to represent a light sound by a light stroke, and a I 
sour. 1 bv a heavy stroke, the phonographic pupil : 
after a little m .at he makes the difference in the 
c.hout any thought about it. En .irity 
of sound between the heavy ani .rreat 
that, if at any time the difference in the thickness of the 
lines is not clearly mad affect the 
.'.ity of the writing to the experienced phonogrs 
, for example, if the word Sinsuiati ■ 
as to be pronounced Zinzinadi, the reader could hardly 
mistake the intention of the writer. 



INTRODUCTION. 21 

The consonant sounds are classified as follows: — 

1. Abritpts: These elements are produced by a total 
contact of the different organs of speech, abruptly inter- 
rupting the outward passage of the breath, or the voice. 
They are eight in number, and have the eight straight 
marks appropriated for their representation, as illustrated 
in the following table, — the italisized letters of the words 
indicating the sounds represented : 

Whispered, \ pole, | toe, / c^air, — came. 
Spoken, \ Jowl, c?oe, / jeer, — #ame. 

By a little observation in comparing the sound of p with 
that of b, in the words pole and bowl, the distinction of 
whispered and spoken, or light and heavy, will be appre- 
ciated. As far as articulation, or the contact of the organs 
of speech is concerned, the consonants p and b are identical; 
the sound of the former, however, is produced by the 
breath only, while the latter requires the assistance of the 
voice, which commences before the lips, the organs by 
which the articulation is produced, are disconnected. The 
same remarks apply to each of the other pairs of abrupts, 
as the reader will discover by speaking the illustrative 
words in connection. 

2. Continuants: The organs of speech are in contact 
in the production of these elements, yet not so firmly as 
to totally obstruct the passage of breath, or voice; but the 
articulation may be continued any length of time. There 
are, also, eight of these elements — half of them whispered 
and half spoken. They may be illustrated as the ab- 
rupts were : 



Whispered, 


V./an, 


C thin, 


) sea], J sAun. 


Spoken, 


V^_van, 


(_ then, 


) zeal, J vision. 



22 INTRODUCTION. 

3. Liquids: These are r and 7, and are called liquids 
because they readily run into or unite with other conso- 
nant sounds. They are not distinguished by any variation 
of sound, as the abrupts and continuants, and are repre- 
sented by light curves; thus: 

~^\ row, /" Zow. 

4. Nasals: The sounds oi m, n, and tig, are called 
nasals from the fact that the organs are brought in com- 
plete contact and the voice driven through the nose. 
The m and n are represented by the two remaining 
light curves, and ng by the heavy curve corresponding 
to n, as being nearly related to that sound ; thus: 

^-^ mum, ^-^ mm, \^/ sing. 

5. Ambigues : These are y, w and h, and hold, as it 
were, a middle place between the vowels and consonants ; 
their powers are more feeble than the other consonants, 
yet they must be recognized as belonging to that class of 
sounds, on account of their want of vocality.* They 
never occur in English except before a vowel ; the h being 
simply a breathing upon the following vowel is often term- 
ed an aspirate. The following are their phonographic 
signs, and the words illustrating their powers : 

f^ yea, ^\ way, <S Aay. 

* Many persons imagine the powers of y and w to be i and vi 
or u; (see Phonotypic alphabet, p. 18,) and would spell words pho- 
netically thus : yet let; yah ial; yam iam; week tnec or uec, wall 
tuel, worm uiurm; &c. We admit this representation is an approx- 
imation to the true one; but these vowels have too great powers 
for the weak whispers to be represented, as will be seen if we take 
words in which the same vowel would follow; take yeast iest, year 
isr, and wound uiuind, or wool uul; and it will readily be seen that 
they do not afford just the pronunciation we want; and beside, this 
representation would make monosyllables into words of two sylla- 
bles, because every vowel in a word requires a distinct syllabic 
pronunciation. 



INTRODUCTION. 23 

Vowel Arrangement : — In order to represent the 
twelve vowel sounds by the two signs, a dot and a dash, 
a scheme similar to that of representing musical sounds 
by the round note is resorted to. As the vowels rarely 
occur except in combination with a consonant, they are in- 
dicated by the position in which the dot or dash is placed 
to the consonant stroke ; thus, a dot placed at the begin- 
ning of a consonant represents the vowel e (ee,) at the 
middle, a (age,) at the end, q (ah ;) the dash at the be- 
ginning is e (awe,) at the middle, o (owe,) at the end, w 
(oo.) The remaining six vowels are short or brief, as com- 
pared with the foregoing six, and are appropriately repre- 
sented by the dot and dash in the same manner, but made 
lighter; and all that has been said in regard to light and 
heavy consonants applies to the vowels. In the following 
illustration the vowel signs are placed to a dotted line 
merely to indicate the position of the dot and dash ; it is 
no part of the vowel. The italic letters in the accom- 
panying words suggest the vowel sounds : 

; eel, •! ale, J arm, Hall, -j oak, J ooze. 

j ill, ■] ell, \ am, j on, -| un, _j wood. 
Diphthongs : These being compound sounds, and all the 
simple characters being otherwise disposed of, they are 
represented by complex signs. They will be understood 
by the following illustration : 

j isle, ' j oil, J owl. 

Tripthongs ; These result from the union of w with 
each of the above diphthongs, which are more convenient 
to represent by single characters than otherwise ; thus : 
L | wine, n j qwoat, -,] wound. 

On the following page the whole alphabet is present* 
ed in a tabular form. 



PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET. 



\ p post 
\ b ©oast 



E 



/ 



t tip 
d dip 
9 chest 



— k Zite 

— ? y et 

• J Ml 
. a ale 
* q arm 
-; e ared 
-j o ope 

_! Ul fool 



.XT?. 
\^ f 
V_ v rat 

Oigfc 

: ( * My 

- ■ :.. 
) z ,-eal 

; \ 

J 3 virion 

VOWELS, 
i ill 

am 

Jd 
- u up 

u r*ii 



( r r,j 

Sin % 



n net 
p siw^ 



f v yea 

g< AW tray 



if ' 



isle 
tf oil 
' I oirl 



w{ wind 
wer quo<"t 
«! wound 



Additio>*.*lL — For the sari; faction of those who wish to rep- 
: a more critical pronunciation than tae above scheme en- 
ables them to do, the following ire suggested : 
For the vowel in care. V wriuen thus. ~^ "^ 
For the vowel in a.*k. wiitten thus, ' ) 
Pot the close diphthong in mute, ,j written thus, '""J 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



LESS OX I. 
OX WRITING AND VOCALIZING THE SIMPLE CONSONANTS. 

If the learner of Phonography has attentively read the 
preceding Introduction, and obtained a clear idea of the 
phonetic principle, he will find no difficulty in mastering 
the course of lessons which follows. The following ar- 
rangement of the consonant phonographs affords a kind of 
picture to the student which will enable him to fix in his 
mind the power of each letter by the position it has in 
the table. It will be as important to learn the phono- 
typic as the shorthand letters, because the exercises to be 
written are printed in phonotypy, as a means of greatly 
assisting the pupil in writing his lessons. 

\ P \b 1 1 u /% /\ -k — g 

\J ^v ( t ■ (4 )s )z Jl Jl 

"\ r r~ 1 *-v m ^ n w \ 

r i ^ w s h 

1. The perpendicular and inclined consonants are 
written from the top downward; the horizontal ones are 
written from left to right. 

2. Exceptions. — The f I, when the only conso- 
nant in a word, is always written upward; at other times 
it may be written either upward or downward, as is most 
convenient. _J£\& always written downward when the 
only consonant in a word, and either downward or 
upward at other times. / is written upward. 

3 (25) 



26 MANUAL OF PII JNOORAPIIY. 

3. Ruled paper should be used ; and, fur the first few 
exercises, until the pupil becomes familiar with the char- 
acters, a pencil should be employed in preference to a pen, 
after which either a pen or pencil may be used, — cither of 
which should be held loosely between the first and second 
fingers and the thumb, as when used for drawing. The 
beginner generally experiences some difficulty, unless he 
has been accustomed to back-hand writing, in making the 
strokes from left to right ; and is apt to imagine that he 
shall never be able to strike \ with the same ease with 
which he can ex -cute / This difficulty is, however, en- 
tirely the result of habit in writing otherwise ; and after a 
very short practice he will find that the muscles acquire 
complete facility in this and all the other movements re- 
quired in Phonography. 

1. The consonants should be written about the size of 
those given in these pages ; and particular attention should, 
at first, be observed in writing the curved thick letters, mak- 
ing them thick in the middle only, and tapering to alight 
line toward each extremity. The inclined strokes should 
be written at an inclination of 45 degrees, or midway be- 
tween the horizontal and vertical. Commence the strokes 
so that when of the proper length they will rest on the 
line of vriting. 

Let the pupil now take his pen or pencil, and go 
through the list of consonants, writing them as in the pre- 
ceding table, speaking at the same time the power of the 
letter; and observing, also, the light and heavy character 
of the signs, and their proper length. 

5. In order to establish some mode of writing ths 
vowels, the point where the consonant stroke is commenced 
is called the jirst place, the middle of the stroke its second 
place, and where it ends, the third place. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 27 





VOWEL 


SCHEME. 




long. 

•;e 


short. 
•jl 

i 


long. 


short, 


•ja 


•le 


-jo 


-|u 


•'a 


; 


Jul 


-in 



6. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in their 
several positions, should be well memorized. They may- 
be designated thus: — s is the first place heavy dot; a is 
the second place heavy dot; q is the third place heavy dot; 
e is the first place heavy dash; o is the second place heavy 
dash; m is the third place heavy dash ; i is the first 
place light dot, &c; o is the first place light dash, &c. 

7. In order to insure getting the dots and dashes in 
their proper positions, the consonant phonographs, wheth- 
er one or many, are always written first; thus, | tk a 

~~1 nd, r\^ Ul, gg. This gives what is called 

the skeleton of the word, and the vowels are jotted in af- 
terward, similar to dotting the z's and crossing the ts in 
the longhand. 7 

8. In vocalizing the consonants, that is, in placing the 
vowels to them, they should be written near the strokes, 
but not so that they will join; the dashes should be written 
at right angles with the consonants ; thus, ^ ev, \ pa. 

\p9, |_ t&, AM T go, V no - 



7. This mar seem like a tedious process, and is, to the learner, for 
sometime; but, as he becomes accustomed to it, it will be done 
very readily; and as he becomes familiar with the appearance 
of the writing the necessity for vocalizing will cease, to a consider- 
able extent, and only the accented, or distinguishing vowels will 
need to be inserted ; — the consonant outlines of words, assisted by 
the sen«e of the sentence, generally indicating the true words; just 
as the frame work of a building, or the skeleton of an animal, sug- 
gests to the mind at once what the structure would be if all its parts 
were 



28 MANUAL OF PH0N0GRAPIIT. 

9. As in covering a page with writing we proceed from 
left to right, and from the upper to the lower line, so, in 
writing the dots and dashes, if we wish the vowel to read 
first we write it before the consonant, if perpendicular or 
inclined, (the inclined strokes, whether straight or curved, 
being treated as though they were perpendicular,) and 
above, if horizontal ; thus, j et, >\ aj>, *\ &r, ^ am, 
J— ok, if we wish it to read after the consonant, we write 
it after or below the stroke; thus, N^ bo,^* ha, f h, 
-J f'-'ij Ti r,ict, w ns. 

10. Words containing only horizontal consonants, if 
the accented vowels be first place, are written about the 
height of a vertical stroke above the line ; as *"** me a • — Jce ; 
if the vowels be second or third place, they are written on 
the line ; as, — ga, ^ mo. Exceptions : Jam is written on 
the line, to prevent confounding it (should the vowels be 
omitted,) with the word me; and eni is written above the 
line, to obviate its being read no. 

Marks of Punctuation : x period, * colon, £ in- 
terogation, f wonder, | grief, ? laughter, { } parenthesis; 
the comma and semi- colon may be written as in common 
manuscript. 

An emphatic word or sentence is indicated by a waved 
line being drawn beneath it, thus : «^i if it is desired to 
indicate that a word should commence with a capital let- 
ter, it is shown by two parallel dashes being written direct- 
ly under it : thus, „ 

Keview. — (1.) Which of the consonant phonographs are written downwards "> 
How are the horizontal ones written? What are they? (£.) Are there any 
exceptions to these general rules ? and what are they ? (5.) How are the sounds 
of the vowels designated? Speak the three heavy dot vowels. The three 
heavy dash vowels. The three light dot. The light dash. (6.) Designate 
the vowel a — i — q — e, &., &c. (7.) What is the order in writing the consonants 
and vowels of a word? (8.) How are the vowels written to the consonants? 
(9.) In what directions are the letters in a phonographic word read ? To which 
class do the inclined strokes belong ? (10.) How 'are words containing only hor- 
izontal strokes written? What are the exceptions? 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 29 

READING EXERCISE I. 

The following exercises should be read over frequently, 
till the learner acquires the correct sounds of the vowels 
and their consecutive order. They will, at the same time, 
become familiar with many of the consonants. 

eel ale arm all ope fool 

v x \. V x. X 



C r r <r 



x 



x x > -x x ^ 

ill ell am on wp fail 



x x x \ x x 

r r t y* f- t 



30 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

READING EXERCISE II. 

i / ) *-y. -a 3 x — v 1 / 
^•^x i / \..r ^ x 
x-i / +r^ } x i- x/^ 
^ ax i / / _ r>^w 



V 



s "ur x /•/"- c ; J' 

"I W X 

x-i _j_-( -) vi, 5 X / — X (- x 

^^^v« \-)x 

L L^X 



11. In vocalizing the consonants of a word, the first 
thing to be done is to ascertain whether the first vowel to 
be written is a dot sign or a dash sign; and, secondly, 
whether it is a long sound or a *hort sound ; and lastly, 
what place to the consonant it should occupy. If the 
learner's memory is not good, or his perception quick, so 
that he can decide these points readily, a good plan for ar- 
riving at the results is to commence at the beginning of 
the scale of vowels and speak them thus, e i, a, e, q a, 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 31 

(observing that thus far the signs are dots, heavy and 
light, and that the remainder are dashes,) e o } o u, w u, 
till he arrives at the one he wishes to write ; just as the 
learner of music, when he cannot strike the proper sound 
of a note, commences at do and runs up the scale till 
he obtains the proper sound. 

Note.— For the purpose of assisting the learner until he becomes familiar 
with phonetic printing, a few of the first exercises for writing will be printed 
in both modes of spelling. 

WRITING EXERCISE I. 

Ape, eat, eight, age, ache, eve, ease, ale, ear, air, aim. 
Op, et, at, aj, ak, ev, ez, a!, sr, ar, am. 

Ebb, it, ate, add, itch, edge, egg, if, ill, am. 
Eb, it, et, ad, iq, ej, eg, if, il, am. 

Ope, ought, ode, oak, off, oath, owes, ooze, all, or, own. 
(Dp, et, od, ok, of, o0, oz, uiz, el, er, on. 

Up, odd, of, us, err, on. 
Up, od, ov, us, ur, on. 

Pea, pay, pa, tea, day, jay, key, gay, fee, they, see, 
Pe, pa, pq, te, da, ja, ks, ga, fe, da, se. 

say, she, ray, lee, me, may, ma, nay, yea, way, hay. 
sa, Je, ra, le, me, ma, mq, na, ya, wa, ha. 

Paw, beau, toe, do, jaw, caw, coo, go, thaw, though, 
Pe, bo, to, dm, je, ke, kra, go, 0e, do, 

saw, sow, show, law, low, raw, rue, know, woe, hoe. 
so, so, Jo, le, lo, re, rui, no, wo, ho. 



32 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

LESSON II. 

THE DIPHTHONGS — DOT //—COMBINED CONSONANTS. 

y. 

12. These diphthong characters occupy but two places, 
the beginning and end of a consonant. When written in 
the first place, with the point downward, the angle repre- 
sents the first sound in isle; with the pointupward, in the 
same place, the first sound in oil ; with the point upward, 
and in the third place, the first sound in our. The charac- 
ters should be written without lifting the pen, and placed 
in a perpendicular position to the inclined and horizontal 
strokes as well as to the vertical; thus, X^ pi, ( v tfj, 
^ mi, \ bo, A £d»"a\ ar, ^ tw. 

WRITING EXERCISE II. 

Bi, tj, fj, x\, dj, 4, & lj, rj, mi, nj; js, 
By, tie, fie, vie, thy, sigh, shy, lie, rye, my, nigh ; ice, 

iz, jl, jr, jsi. Bcr, to-, ja, ke ; crl, anor. By, 

eyes, aisle, ire, icy. Boy, toy, joy, coy; oil, annoy. Bow, 

ds, hs, \s, ss, rs, als", ns ; at, sr, si. 
dow, cow, vow, sow, row, allow, now; out, our, owl. 



13. Dot Ti. — Since the aspirate never occurs in English 
except before a vowel, a briefer mode of representing it than 
the long sign <^ is generally employed, namely, alight dot 
placed immediately before the vowel ; it should be written 
to the left of the dot vowels that belong to a vertical or in- 
clined stroke, and above those belonging to horizontals ; 
and above the dash vowels of the former, and to the left of 
those of the latter; thus, "| hit, /* hig, X^ hem, *"| hod, 
~v\ hur + horn. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 33 

Although this h is the same in shape as the light dot 
vowels, it need never lead to any mistake, from the fact 
that no dot vowel ever occurs immediately before an- 
other dot vowel. 

READING EXERCISE III. 

-\ -i j h 7 •/../ -i ..r ^ ^< 

v\ v \ J H _n <J *r\ V ^ <is * 



WRITING EXERCISE III. 

Hep, hat, hed, hev, het hel, hal, her, har; 
Heap, hate, heed, heave, heat, heal, hail, hear, hair; 

hat, hed, hiq, hej, haj, hil, him, ham, hag. 
hat, head, hitch, hedge, hash, hill, him, ham, hang, 

Hop, limp, hod, hek, hoi, horn ; hop, huh, hot, 
Hope, hoop, hoed, hawk, hole, home ; hop, hub, hot, 

hud, hog, hug, hur, hum, hur) ; hapi, hevi, heti, 
hood, hog, hug, her, hum, hung; happy, heavy, haughty, 

holi, hum. 
holy, honey. 

Hit, hiv, hjr, hjli; h*l. 
Height, hive, hire, highly; howl. 

He ma go horn my. So no heti ar. 
He may go home now. Show no haughty air. 



34 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 

COMB.NED CONSONANTS. 

14. In commencing to write a word, the first thing the 
learner has to do is to pronounce it slowly, and ascertai'n 
what are the elementary sounds of which it is composed, 
and then write the consonant signs, as heretofore direct- 
ed. When the first consonant to be written requires a 
downward stroke, it is commenced its length above the 
line of writing and struck to the line, and if a downward 
stroke follow, it is carried on below the line ; thus, -^y 
pt, — U. dp ; if the first consonant be a horizontal stroke, 
and a down-stroke follow, it is written above the line and 
the second one carried to it; thus, ~] hi, / ng ; but if 
an up-stroke sign follow the horizontal, the latter should 
be written on the line ; thus, ^^f ml, f kl. 

15, In reading the consonants in a word, they must of 
course be uttered in the order in which they were written; 
thus, for example, in reading y^ the " must be read 
first, because it is evident it was written first, as the writer 
could not have begun at the angle and written the /' and 
then gone back and written the , without violating the 
rule requiring the skeleton of a word to be written be- 
fore lifting the pen ; and he could not have begun at the 
bottom of the /, and written it upwards, and then the 

backwards, without violating the two rules, that g is 
to be written downwards and n from left to right. 

It sometimes happens that a consonant which seems to 
be farther along than another in the line of writing, must 
be read first ; as / ; but from the fact that / is always 
to be written downward, we know the letters are to be 
read jl and not if. By a little observation of this kind the 
learner will soon see at a glance, and without thought, 
how any word is to be read. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 35 

16. In vocalizing two or more consonants it is very im- 
portant to keep the vowel signs away from the angles or 
places where the consonants join, especially from the in- 
side of angles, as in such positions it is impossible to tell 
to which stroke they belong ; thus, it cannot be told 
whether V-^ ^ s tne word" hem or bqm. 

17. After the shape of a vowel, and the place it should 
occupy, are determined, the following rules, in addition to 
those for vocalizing sino-le consonants, are to be observed: 

Yird. When a first place vowel, or diphthong, comes be- 
tween two consonants it is placed immediately after the 
first ; as * ~\ kep, \_ n rem, v ] k[t. 

Second. A second place vowel, if it be long, is also 
written after the first consonant ; as ^ gat, [^ dom ; but 
if short, it is written before the second; as -\get, Jj^ dam.; 
by which arrangement we are enabled to determine the 
sound of the middle place vowel by position as well as 
by the size of the dot or dash. 

Third. Third place vowels are written before the second 
consonant; as \~»bqm, V hint, I dst. 

Fourth. If two vowels come between two consonants, 
the first one spoken is written to the first stroke, and the 
next one to the second ; thus, \X, poem, \£T| paliat. 

Some deviations from these rules occur in contracted 
forms of writing; but their general observance renders 
the manuscript more legible than it could otherwise be. 

18. If two vowels precede the first consonant in a 
word, the first is written farther from the consonant than 
the second; thus, v -| lota ; if it terminate with two, 
the last is written farther from the consonant sign ; as, 



36 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

1 9. When the diphthong v commences a word it is 
customary to go on writing the following consonant with- 
out lifting the pen, as in the word jcha, just given, \^item, 
<fec. ; and the practice is extended, without any dan- 
ger of ambiguity, and with much saving of time, to the 
connection of the pronoun i' with the following word ; as, 
' 'VTl / hleVi V^. i/gr. In this hitter case the writing 

is entirely legible, even if the first prong of the angle is 
omitted, which is often done, for the sake of brevity. 

20. In reading words of two or more consonants, it 
must be observed that each stroke, and the vowel-sign or 
signs placed to it, must be read precisely as they would 
be if they stood unconnected with other consonant strokes; 
thus, V^)* read in this way would be considered thus : 

\ C ) po-U-si ; ~*YT, ^ analyzed thus: ~^ (7 \ 
would reveal the word realiti. This process will be neces- 
sary till the learner can read words from their general ap- 
pe irance. 



READING EXERCISE IV. 



* 



'A I 



v^ rv-. .1; ^ jc nr vy X-* 



% MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 37 

Review.— (12.) How many diphthongs are there? Speak the first, and de- 
scribe its sign ; the second ; the third. How are they to be written ? (13.) 
What is the second form of the aspirate ? How should it be placed to the dot 
vowels ? — the dash vowels '? (14.) How are the consonant signs adjusted to the 
line of writing ? (15.) What is the order of reading words having two or mora 
consonants? (16.) In vocalizing what is very important? (17.) What is the 
rule for writing first-place vowels that come between two consonants ? — the rule 
for second-place vowels ? — for third place vowels ? If two vowels occur be- 
tween two consonants, how are they to be written ? (18.) If two vowels begin 
or terminate a word, how are they to be written ? (19.) W T hat peculiarity is 
p.iacticed in writing the diphthong / ? (20.) What is the rule for reading a word 
having two or more consonants and accompanying vowels ? 



WRITING EXERCISE IV. 



Bet, bak, bar, peg, bqm, pad, pal, pqm, tern, dam, tqr, 
ded, dat, gep, gar, ger, gef, kep, gat, kel, gal, kam, kak, Jam, 
qrk, qrm, hqrp, lep, lat, lq,f, nav, nam, awak, awar. 

Bit, pet, pad, pig, beg, bag, pil, del, fil, vali, ril, rim, rali, 
lip, lej, liv, mag, mej, maj, mil, milk, abed. 

Bet, pop, buit, tot, dor, tuil, gek, jok, kel, kol, kuil, gedi, 
iel, ferm, vot, fuid, rog, rami, lof, mel, muiv, neti, awok. 

Pot, bug, buk, bodi, dot, doj, dug, kiak, foli, fuli, Jok, Juk, 
rok, rug, riak, lok, luk, luk, mok, mug, muj, nok, nuj, niik. 

Pjl, abjd, bel, qjd, is\, gjm, ab^t, mjl, deker, deljt, avsd, 
al"sd, enjer, berlur, fjlur. 

Get me m^ bulk. Put awa mi dul nil Fil mi kup ful. 
Form no bad habit in berlxud ; it ma ef ect dj bel0 — dji bop in 
aj. He ma be felti — na, gilti. Foli ma fal at lenO. 



38 MANUAL Or PHONOGRAPHY. 



LESSON III. 

THE UP-STKOKES 7?, Z AND Z— VOWEL WORD-SIGNS. 

21. In order to prevent words from running too far 
below the line for convenience or beauty, and to aCord 
a variety of skeleton outlines, by which different words 
having the same consonant sounds may be written di 
ently, and thus be distinguished without being vocalized, 
provision is made for representing several of the conso- 
nant sounds by both upward and downward strokes. This 
provision also makes the writing more easy of execution, 
since these up-strokes arc all in the inclination of the line 
of writing, from left to right. The letters thus represent- 
ed are/, J, and ;•; the latter of which, only, requires a dif- 
ferent character. 

22. The second sign for r is a straight line struck up- 
ward at an angle of thirty degrees ; thus, ^^ Though 
this character is specially available in writing words re- 
quiring two or more consonants, yet it is frequently used 
alone; as ^ rj, and more frequently when terminating 
with a circle or hook, ( Lessons IV. VI,) when it is 
less likely to be confounded with r, written downward and 
of nearly the same inclination ; in neither case, however, 
is there any difficulty experienced by the adept, since the 
sense of the preceding words nearly always suggests 
what the following word is. 

23. When written in connection with other consonants, 
there is never any ambiguity, since it can be seen at a 
glance whether the stroke is written upward or downward; 
thus.!/ tr, j tg* /\ ft. So that while the ru'e is that 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 39 

> 

g shall be written at an angle of sixty degrees, and r 
at an angle of thirty degrees, they may both be written 
at the same inclination, except when either is the only 
consonant in a word ; and except, also, when one of them 
immediately follows the other, as /j , in which case ne- 
cessity compels one to be written at a different inclinat \n 
from the other. 

24. The rule that the beginning of a consonant stroke 
is where the first-place vowel is written, and the termina- 
tion of a stroke the third-place, must be observed in 
vocalizing this up-stroke r ; thus, sff rig, ^\ ?ip, 
£/\ gariti. 

25. The following rules in regard to the use of the 
two forms of r, will guide the learner to the best forms 
of words : 

First. The up -stroke should be used when the follow- 
ing: consonant is to be written downward, as in the ex- 
amples above. (24.) 

Second. When r is the initial letter of a word, and is 
followed by the s-circle, w-hook, (see Lessons IV and 
VIII,) Jc, g,f, I, or another r, the up-stroke is employed; 
as /<^~~ rag, ^fy raf, ^fj rot, ^^^ rar. But if a 
vowel precede r as the first consonant, the down-stroke is 
employed; as, "^ qrh^\ $rif, ~~/\f urli, ~\^ crur. 

Third. Whenever preceded by v, t, or m, the upward 
r is employed ; as V^/ vsr, ^s/ i n ir> 

Fourth. Whenever followed by n or 7), the up-stroke 
is employed; as /*\. rani, ^^ ' ror}. 

Fifth. When ;• is the final stroke consonant in a word, 
and followed by a vowel, the up-sirolce is to be used, as in 

the words \^ beri, S kari : but if no vowel 

f ollow , the down-stroke is employed; as N^ putr, 



40 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Sixth. When one r follows another, except at the be- 
ginning of a word when preceded by a vowel (as in erur,) 
they are both written upward; as ^*^\ rariti, __y // ' 
Icariur. 

Seventh. "When followed by m } the down-stroke is al- 
ways used ; as ~\~4 rmm, ^C gqnn: 

HEADING EXERCISE V. 




WRITING EXERCISE V. 

Repel, retjr, redem, redi, ratifj, revjl, ravej, pqrti, periud, 
derjd, arjv, aranj, urj, ur0 ; raj, rak, riketi. Boro, feri, jvori, 
Ceori, kari, rnemori, rotari, Guroli, mer, demur, adm^r. Ran- 
dum, rarjk. reanimat, adorig. Borcmr, borur, bariur, infe- 
riur, narour, kuriur, mirur, derur, Jerur, karer. Rem, rjm, 
remedi, remuiv, ruiminat, lqrk, referm. 



26. L and/ may be written upward or downward with- 
out any change of form ; and in vocalizing, or reading, 
the direction in which they were made, as in the case of the 
up-stroke r, will be known by their connection with other 
consonant signs ; as O %» /f\ lev, ^ fop, J foL 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 41 

27. The following rules will guide, as near as possible, 
to the most approved use of I. 

First. When I is the initial letter of a word, and fol- 
lowed by fc, g, or m, the up-stroke I is employed ; as f y 
lik, (I leg, C^ Urn. But if a vowel precede, the 
down-stroke is used, as .d£_ alik, "(^ helm. When 
other consonants follow Ik, lg, Im, the I may be written 
either upward or downward. 

Second. Immediately before or after n and y, the down- 
stroke is employed; as *V. nal, (^ — l&jk. If a down- 
stroke letter is to follow I after n, the up-stroke I must be 
employed ; as ^ y* *«*%'*• -J^ I anjMHt. 

Third. When / is the final stroke consonant in a word, 
and is preceded by /, v, or upward r y it is written down- 
ward ; as C fel, ^fX rsvil, ^f rial, f^^f moral. 
But if a vowel follows, the up-stroke is used; as ^J^~foli, 

^^ rsli. 

Fourth. After n and y. a final I is always written 
downward, even though followed by a vowel, as S lonli, 
' ^~f' Myli. 

Fifth. Final I, following all other consonants but f, v, 
up-stroke r, n and r), is written upward, whether a vowel 
follows or not ; as s \ s /"~ pel, f htul, ^C~ mail. 

28. 2 is usually written downward ; before /, however, 
and after / and v, it is always written upward ; as jf^- 
felf,"Ufif,.f\J hvif. 

Note. — Many of the foregoing rules in regard to writing r and I 
upward or downward, are designed to secure consonant outlines 
that will be more legible, when not vocalized, than if written dif- 
ferently: Thus, when either up-stroke r or Zis used at the com- 
mencement of a word, we know it does not commence with a vowel ; 
if up-stroke r terminate a word, we know a vowel follows ; and 
the same if up-stroke I after/, v and upward r terminate a word ; 
and hence the chances of misreading the* word are lessened. 

The observance of the other rules will produce uniformity of 
writing, and thus ensure greater fluency in reading. 
4 



42 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
READING EXERCISE VI. 




a: ^ A /' <£ £. ^<^ x 

WRITING EXERCISE VI. 

Lek, log, lorn, legasi; alkali, elmanak. Lqrc, lank, lenO, 
len6ili, linsi, lunc,, fclin; amil, onli, kanal; analitik, lonjeviti, 
enlqrj; fjl, full, vjl, unfalig, revel, unval. Rel, real, relm, oral, 
karul, barel, peril. Felo, fuli, vali, rali, reali, realiti ; onli, 
menli, felinli, luvirjli; Jjli, jel, Jalo ; daj, navij, efijensi, de- 
fijensi ; [down-stroke /,] relij", railij, publij, polij, abolij, 
rajli. 



WORD-SIGNS. 



29. By a word-sign is meant the use of a single char- 
acter of the alphabet to represent an entire word. This 
scheme is resorted to that the penman may attain greater 
speed in writing ; and those words are chosen thus to be 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 43 

represented, which occur the most frequently in com- 
position ; twenty-five of them actually constituting one- 
fourth of any given chapter or discourse, and one hundred 
of them amounting to almost half. The signs are so 
chosen as to suggest, generally, the words they represent. 
They should be memorized by copying the table once or 
twice. 





30. 


TABLE OF VOWEL WORD-SIGNS. 




• the 




x all 


1 already 


' or 


. a 




x two 

v of 


1 oh, owe 


• who 
' on 


. an, 


and 


s to 


( but 


z should 


Diphthongs, v 1, 


K how. 





The first line of signs, since they are first-place vowels, 
are to be written at the height of a stroke above the 
line of writing ; those in the second line, consisting of 
second and third -pi ace signs, are to be written on the line. 
The second-place vowels are thus brought down because 
three places cannot be distinguished without a consonant 
stroke ; but no confusion arises from it, since, when the 
second-place sign is thus transferred, the third-place sign 
is not used as a word-sign, and when the third is used the 
second is not. The third and fourth lines of the table 
have the same relation to each other as the first and se- 
cond. 

31. The is a word-sign that often follows immediately 
after most of the others, and in order to avoid lifting 
the pen to write each separately, it is joined to the pre- 
ceding sign in the shape of a light tick ; thus, > of the, 
*i on the, > to the. 



44 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 

READING EXERCISE VII. 




WRITING EXERCISE VII. 

Cariti tariefl log ; lii<le6 muq rog ; qeri/e*) no il ; apcreO 
holli luvli aniug us. cle ur»> and de ar. d ljvli and hapi, 
but gidi, ter. $ o mvr.g. cle bet ov de fjr. Go ru. de dor. 
He ma rjt el de qui. La it on de Jelf. Go tu mi Jop and 
rig de bel. CI Jadi pore; and kuilig Jfcur. Ma barrnoni log 
ab^d in -yr qurq. FuiliJ be! ih^ dar be lavij mj muni on so 
vijus a polisi ; 01 bui no de rjt Jul dui it. 



Krntw.- '21/ What are the letters that may be written either upward or 
downward? (22.) Explain the up-stroke r as compared with <?. (24.) "Where 
are the first and third-place vowels put to the up-stroke r ! ,2-5., Give the 1st 
rule for writing r; the 2d. ditto; 3d: 4th: 5:h; 6th: Tth. (26.) How is it 
determined when the strokes f. r, I are written npward ? (27.) Give 
rule for writing I; the 2nd: 3rd; 4th; 5th? (28.) Under what circumstance 
is / always written upward ? What is the object of these rules ? (29.) What 
is a word-sign? 30/ Give and describe the first-place long vowel word-signs : 
the third-place ; the first- place short ; the third-place ; the diphthongs. (31 ) 
What is the license taken with the ? 



MANUAL OF PHONOGEAPHT, 45 



LESSON IV. 

THE CIRCLE S AND Z—COM, CON, ING, AND MP — 
CONSONANT WORT-SIGXS 

The fact that s and z represent sounds of very frequent 
recurrence, renders it necessary, in order to secure the 
greatest brevity and beauty in writing, that they be fur- 
nished with an additional sign. Indeed, each subsequent 
chapter of these lessons is but to introduce some more 
abbreviated method of writing; which, while it seems to 
render the system more complex, adds to it new beauty 
as well as value. 

32. The second forms for s and z are, a small cir- 
cle, made light for the first, and thickened on one side 
for the latter; thus, o s, o ?; the thickening of the z 
circle, however, is scarcely ever necessary, as the sense 
will nearly always indicate whether the circle should be 
s or z. "Where great precision is requisite, the stroke z 
should be used. 

33. The circle is used much more frequently than the 
stroke s; it is employed, however, only in connection with 
stroke consonants, except as a word-sign. The table on 
the following page will assist the learner in fixing in his 
mind the peculiar connection the circle has with each 
Iong^sign ; it will also be of great service for reference, in 
writing out the exercises in the lesson, if he finds any dif- 
ficulty in remembering on which side of any stroke the 
circle should be written. 



cr\ 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

THE CIRCLE S AND Z. 

*\ sp P St /° SQ q sk 

\ sb sd /° sj o sg 

^J>v ( si c ) sz J s 3 

sm q^ sn Q^, sg ^ sw ^ sh 



34. The stroke y never takes an initial circle, be- 
cause not needed; it is used on its termination, how- 
ever. The table presents the circle written only at the 
initial end of the strokes, whereas it may be written at 
either end, according as it is desired to read before or after 

the stroke; thus, \o P$> o ks, ^ ws, <^" As ; and 

it may also, of course, be written between two strokes , 
thus, f kst, ^^fsn, 

35. The learner must observe the following rules in 
writing the circle: 

First. On all the straight vertical and inclined strokes, 
it is written on the right-hand side, both beginning and 
end. 

Second. On the straight horizontal signs, which include 
the up-stroke r, since it is nearer horizontal than vertical, 
it is written on the upper side. 

Third. It is written on the inner or concave side of all 
the curved signs. Compare the foregoing with the table. 

Fourth. When it comes between two consonants it is 
turned in the shortest way ; thus, j — tsJc, (^ gsn y r~*^j 



36. In vocalizing words in which the circle s is used, 
the vowel-signs are to be placed to the strokes before 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 47 

"which or after which they read, without any reference to 
the circle. As rules to assist the learner, the following 
observations are sufficiently explicit : 

First. If there be an initial circle, it is always read first, 
and then the vowel that precedes the stroke, and lastly 
the stroke itself, as 'f set, "f set. 

Second. If there be no vowel preceding the stroke, 
the circle, stroke, and following vowel are read in the or- 
der named ; as ^ sp}, j- sto, o f skaU 

Third. When the circle terminates a word, it is always 

the last to be read; as, Qiis, a goz, f~** luks, 6 ~ ?> ssmz, 

g A enjvz, ^4 supoz ; when written between two strokes, 
the proper place for vowels can always be found; as will 
be seen in examining ^ lesun, "^f eks#, 

READING EXERCISE VIII. 



t \ f f- T //^ JL l 

J sS .r f r> <j; C & (r 

^r V A ■ x *-T V Jfy \A >4\ 

<&)*i±-/ JJ . "c/a ^n k* 



43 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

WRITING EXERCISE VIII. 

Sip, snip, sap, sop, set, sjd, set, set, sej, suq, sek, sok, sav, 
sjd, s-*>8, sez, saf, sur, s~st, sel, sol, sam, sum, bjn, sum, sig, sugk. 
Spi, sta, skj, sla, slo, sli, sno. Pes, daz, c,ez, jaz, gas, fez, 
vjsez. 3is, doz, Juiz, raz, rjs, yrz, las, mis, nis. 

Spek, spok, skem, sfer, slep, slak, smok, smel, snal, sigk 
Besto, beset, task, itself, spas, spesifj, skjz, siksO, agkjus, sedi- 
fus, risk, resjt, rezun, denjz, solles, holines, cpzen, masun, 
iizioloji. 



37. There are four cases where the long s or z must al- 
ways be employed*. First, when it is the only stroke con- 
sonant in a word ; as, •) as, ') ez, )- so. Second, when 

it is the first consonant and preceded by a vowel ; as .) 

ask, ^-v eskap. Third, when two distinct vowel sounds 
come between the s and following consonant; as in the 
word l_p siens. Fourth, when * or z is the last conso- 
nant in a word and followed by a vowel ; as J / elso, 
\f~)' pehi. Fifth, when z commences a word; as 
y^~ eel, y\^ Ziun. 

38 When the sound of s or 2 is heard twice in the same 
syllable, either of two forms may be used, ss, ^ or °) ss; 
if the last sound is that of z the circle should be made 
first and the stroke be written heavy ; thus, ) s[z. 

39. When the indistinct vowel i or e comes between 
ss or an * and a z, or between zz, in the middle or at 
the end of a word, the syllable is represented by a 
circle double the usual size ; thus, \> pesez, <5_ quizez, 
XO su fi sez i "^P^ nesesaru It should never begin a word, 
as in sis tern. In the word eksursiz, it is allowable to put 
the vowel ( in the double circle, thus, _^_^ 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 49 

40. The circle is used as a word-sign for iz, written 
above the line, thus, ° ; and for az, written on the line, 
thus, o ; with the dot aspirate prefixed they become 
A&, *o haz. 

READING EXERCISE IX. 



)\ t-3 &V%*» h>~^r 



WRITING EXERCISE IX. 

(37.) Hsa, $si, aslcp, espuzal, asjnz, sjunz ; bizi, spjsi, lazi, 
hsrsa, ekselensi, obstinasi epilepsi, sufijensi; Zooloji, zero, 
zelusli, zigzag. 

(38.) Ses, sez, sez, sizurz, sizm. 

(39.) Basis, dosez, quizez, kisez, diskusez, v^sez, ^nsez, 
propozez. relesez, egzist, pozesur. 



THE PREFIXES COM AND CCLV—THE AFFIX ING—MP. 

41. For the sake of rendering Phonography as brief as 
possible, a few arbitrary signs are used, for the represen- 
tation of prefixes and syllables in such words as would be 
inconvenient to write out in full. Thus, a light dot placed 
at the beginning of a word expresses the prefix com or 
con; thus, [^ Tcondem, (^ kousol ; and at the end, the 
termination iy, when a separate syllable ; as, -| adiy, /v.. 
livip. 

42. It is more convenient, however, after the s-cirele 
preceded by p. b,f, v, 7c, g, n, or up-stroke r, to write the 
alphabetic ij; as x^ pasiij, Vc^, Jcowfesiy, ^f^^rfad; 



50 MAN LA L OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

and after b, bl, br, t, m ; as ^v^ nutiy, ' cr> **' si-miy. 
Generally >v — is written for hj; ; as \_^ bchjz, /V\q 
rcjiGslrjz. A large dot may be used when more conven- 
ient; as I dr.'.iijc, <^""| hed'njz. 

43. The stroke for m is the only one that is not given 
In the alphabet heavy as well as light; and in order to 
make good use of all the means the alphabet affords, this 
stroke written heavy ietmade to represent the not unfre- 
quent combination of ;.; withy;, either at the beginning, 
middle, or end of a word ; thus, C^ cmplr, ^x^ tempo 
rari, /^^^" lamp. 

WRITING EXERCISE X. 

(41-2.) Kompar, kompjl, kompozin, kombat, kontaminat, 
kontenjus, konvinsil), konva, konspgr, konspirasi, konsolatori, 
konsuljip, konsurvatizm, koDsjnig, konjusnes. 

(43.) Pump, tempel, temporal, damp, jumpirj, rump, Gump, 
Bimplifjj, simpli^iti, egzampel, romp, limp. 



44. CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 

\ up | it / which - I J™« 



om 



\ be | do / advantage — -j f^&er 

1^ for ( think ) so y shall 

^ have ( them ) was J usual-ly 

f will ~~"\ are f*~ your "^ way 

( me j importance-t { in j thing 

'""^ I may ^" ( improve-ment ^ ( no ^^ ( language 

In the above, and all other lists of word-signs, when 
a word i- printed With a hyphen, ;:s ci'vt-,). the sign will 
represent either the whole wor-d, or only so much as pre- 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 51 

cedes the hyphen, which is, by itself, another word ; thus 
— is either give or given. Such words being nearly alike 
in sound, and yet different parts of speech, or otherwise 
incapable of being taken one for the other, cause no diffi- 
culty to the reader. Inasmuch as the horizontal strokes 
do not fill the space which a line of writing occupies, they 
are made to represent two words, as in the case of the 
vowel word-signs,, one above the line and the other on the 
line ; these words and their respective positions are indi- 
cated in the table, by being placed one above the other, in 
braces, after the signs. 

READING EXERCISE X. 



* \ i ° I • I- •• ° v — > 

\z~-v .1 IT x b 

9 ^ ,, ° x a i;* s\ \ . 

9 o -o .v 

,^?>-a ^ . -> y 




52 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



'°¥U 




WRITING EXERCISE XL 

J ljk no kigdum az j dm a republik. SDm da Aigk da a\:1 
kum up on de Sinsinati mal-hot? A felig ov o Jud fil dj sol 
in dis holi hys. Asperiti lmzez de qef ov its dezjnz. — 
Hiz lazincs iz eksesiv; he disl£ks liiz Inks. Iliz fansi iz 
ymjqali ricj, and hiz dezjnz ful ov Ijf. c .Haz dis juj no justis? 
Onesti iz r|t polisi. 61 eskap tu de aiti iz hoples. 4Xud ds 
Dam be put on de yisjd and on de top ov deboks? ^H-ymcni 
qr tu go. It i;: tm muq tu divjd amurj dem. Lisen tu de 
lesnn, and be bizi, az a bee Jud be, hm aspjrz tu be at de hed 
ov de skuil. Sinser soro iz ezili sen besjd fels. Sojal ljf givz 
niucj hapines. Ask no f asiliti in biznes af arz,unles it be nesesari. 
Sunset senuri Joz riq kulivrz and hansum Jadz; and it qanjez 
intu meni varid fermz. Ricjez qr set bj sum, az de qef hap- 
ines in dis lif, becez reali nesesari, az da supoz. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 53 

Review. — (32.) What are the second forms for s and 2? (33.) How is the 
circle employed 1 (34.) Where may it be written V (35.) On what side of the 
vertical and inclined strokes is it turned '? Which side of the straight horizon 
tals? Which side of all the curves? How is it written between two strokes? 
(36.) How are two strokes having an s-circle A _ ocalized? If there be an initial 
circle and preceding vowel, what is the order of reading? If vowels both pre- 
cede and follow, what is the order? (37.) How many cases are there where 
the strokes must be used? What is tiie 1st; 2nd; 3rd; and 4th? (38.) How 
should the ss in the same syllable be written? How sz? (39.) What sylla- 
bles does the double circle represent ? What is the exception? (40.) Desig- 
nate the word-signs of the circle. (41.) What are the prefixes ? The affixes? 
(42.) When is it more convenient to write the alphabetic y ? (43.) What is the 
signification of m made heavy ? (44.) Give the words for the first eight conso- 
nant signs; for the next eight ; ioi the next four; for the last four. 



54 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



LESSON V. 



IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS— JF-HOOK — TRIPTHONGS. 





JF-SER1ES. 






short. 


long. 


short. 


Tripthongs 


CI 


; we 


[ wo 


1 W| 


c j we 


; : WO 


>i wu 


^ Wff 


J wa 


J wiu 


J wu 


-i; w * 



long. 

] W£ 

c : wa 

c w ^ 



45. The ijnjyroper diphthongs are so termed because they 
consist of the union of consonants with vowels ; namely, 
w and y with each of the twelve vowels ; the improper 
tripthongs are the union of ic with the diphthongs /, v, 
and y. The fact that w and y never occur in English 
except before vowels, and thus occur so frequently, in- 
duced the inventor of Phonography to represent the 
combined sounds by a single letter, and thus save time 
and space for the writer. 

46. To obtain suitable characters for the representa- 
tion of the wvseries a small circle is divided perpendicular- 
ly, thus J> , the first or left-hand half of the circle repre- 
senting the union of ic with the first, or dot series of vowels; 
and like them it is made heavy for the long sounds ; as 
CN \ icep, c / waj, _/-£ kicqvi ; and light for the short ; 
as / icig, \f dwel, _ ^ wag. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 55 

47 The second half of the circle represents the union 
of w with the second, or dash series of vowels, heavy and 
light; as, * N ,— . worm, ^jcov, ^v_ wmf } / woq, \^ 
wurm, J icud. 

48. The first-place sign of the second series of diph- 
thongs, both long and short, when followed by k, up-stroke 
r, and n, is written in connection with such consonants ; 
thus, 7 weJc,-y/ wor, 1 — -" won. 

49. These signs should be written as small as they 
well can be and preserve distinct semi-circles ; and, like 
the proper diphthongs, they must always be written verti- 
cally, and not change with the different inclinations of 
the consonants. 

BEADING EXERCISE XL 



\ \A^ iiy^y^]' 



WRITING EXERCISE XII. 

Wek, wat, wav, weknes, bswal, swar. aswaj, wajez ; wid0, 
wet, waft, wiked, swel, kwak, ekwiti, akwies, reliflkwij. 
"Wekur, wok, wuid, wermli, kwota, kworum ; woe,, wud, wo}- 
ir), skwolid, swomp. Werlik, werfar, werti, wekigstik. 



56 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

50. The IF-Hook.— The half circle, light, is joined 
to the first end of /, up-stroke ;•, m and n, to represent the 
simple sound of ic ; the stroke to which it is written is then 

ized as in the case of the s-circle ; thus, 'ica' 
of tcun, < -^ 7 wuman.i, cu^ m 

51. The alphabetic sign must always be employed when 
w is the only consonant in a word, (except in the word-si^m 

tee :) and in words that commence with a Towel, fol- 
lowed by it ; and also when ic is followed bf s; thus, 
awak, "S^ TT" 

READING EXERCISE XII. 
• / - 




WRITING EXERCISE XIII. 

Wal :.".:, "WilsuD, kwel, ekwali; "Woles, wuli ; 

weri, bewar, warhys, werisum ; kworel, wurk, wnrkmanjip. 
wurjip, wmfles, tufifi. Wemz, wompum, wumanljk, 
■kwsmijnes twenti, twinj, entwjn. TTjr, 

kweri, inkwjr. skwolur, elokwens, ekwanimiti. 

Vm, awar, w^zli 



52. Tripthongs. — The characters wi:h which to repre- 
sent the combination of ic with the diphthongs, are obtained 
by dividing a small square thus, ^ ; the first right-angle 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 57 

representing the tripthong 10/, the second, wx, and the se- 
cond put to the first place, tco ; thus, L ^_ wif, ^~].kwot. 
Since the introduction of the to-hook to r, I, m, n, the 10s 
character is not needed. Sometimes L. may be connected 
with the following consonant ; as ^ wid, \^ wjf. 

53. By placing the aspirate before these improper diph- 
thongs and trip thongs, we get the proper representation of 
the first two sounds in such words as wheat, whig, while, 
(the to coming before the h in the old orthography being 
an inversion of the order of the elements in speaking the 
words ;) thus, ' c | hwsl, — hwig. 

54. When the w-hook is used, the aspirate is indicated 
by making the hook heavy ; thus, .(fhwel, t/\f hwar- 
for. But when the alphabetic w is employed, the aspirate 
is indicated by a small tick, thus, "S hwiz. 



READING EXERCISE XIII. 



^v. tH -<r y- cr^wf r\ x 

^ ^_^ X 



WRITING EXERCISE XIV. 

Wjyz, kwjet, wjdnes, kw jetties, kwect, Irikwer. 

Hwip, hwjt, hwiguri; hwarbj, hwarwid, hwarat, hwurlpuil, 
enihwar, nohwar ; hwelbaro, hwelrjfc, hwalur, hwimzikaliti, 
hwelm ; hwens, hwjn ; hwiskur nwislur. 



58 mjlsual cf fhonogeapht. 

5. W W« 

c we * with " what by —" when 

S_^ one 
/" well 



would ,/ where - while cl-^ one 



These word-signs, Uke the ffl -^el-signs, are 

to be written above or on the line, as their positions in the 
table indicate. 



BEADISG EXERCISE ST. 

' (x C ^\V> i^ ; "_\r 



- — * > 5J> o As 



/W| 




WRITING EXERCISE XV. 

Bewar ov de w£n kup. 3. wjz qecs. We wiad "be hapi wid 
hiz kumpani. c ; Hwj jud we kil and et swjn. 1 Hwot iz hiz 
wij, and hwar wud he go. Hwj, q, ! hwj, m| sol, dis angwij. 
J go awa hwar wo and arjkfus kar din not asal eni wun. Wud 
l wur at "horn. Wer wurks mizuri, hwjl pes givz kqm repoz 
tu el. 



60 MASUAL 01 






.::_• 




'-■ " = 


-i . r.. 


1 y e 




1 


:-' : 


- 


ye 


■ 




. i 


; 


J y« 





To obtain d 

km and divided 

horiz 

U, and is made he.. 

}".:<; and ". the short: 

(a common I 

union of v with the dash group of tow 

occurs before n in ' 

In writing, the sai 
gard to i: he tc-series. (41 

50. Word Stem — ~ ; - vm. 



READING EXERCISE XV. 




c^ n "s 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



61 



WHITING EXERCISE XVI. 

Note.— In Phonography, 'n' in the following lessons may be written as 'yra.' 
Yerli, yen, ysrlirj, yeloij, yelpirj, yomanri, Yokigani, vug if, 

Ni|, York, huj, &\\t, ami|z, redi|s, dij.ti, refn,z, konti^mli, anyuiai. 
3Es ymt ov m* komyuiuiti jud eq ginz sum far egzampel, 

and folo it kontinyuiali. Pu/ simplisiti givz me jer. Glis 

Manyuial Jud bs year gjd. It iz a wurk ov yuitiliti. 



READING EXERCISE XVI. 

7.* 



V . X N r/ 5 L ^ 




s/<V N c- 



C- c )' 



> 



-) 



^ i - 



/Vs v t 



62 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

WRITING EXERCISE XVII. 

Nil York iz a popymlus siti. Yra. no rrui j am, yet j am at a 
los tu spek yuir nam. Htimaniti Jud liv in pes az mii kom- 
yrauiti ; da Jud dwel tugedur in ©1 deurt in hqrmoni and lav. 
If yra mak falyurz in dq,ti, yra wil resev de laj ov justis. cEe 
mjz-ber anuizez himself hwjl wekirj. Ho yes ! ho yesi sez 
de vug bel iinm*. tie yok ov de oks iz hevi ; it gelz hiz nek 
dis "worm da. In daz ov yor, hwen we wer vug. 

We yui5nali giv dem at ^rz for slepig., ten for wurk, and 
siks hwiq da ma imprrav in eni wa. tie boz j am teqig qx 
dezjrus ov irnpruivrnsnt ; da sem tu tank in dis wa — hwot iz 
wurt drain at el, iz wart dmig weL J hop da wil elwaz liv 
up tu dis maksim, so Jal da kav sukses in ljf. Sun, giv me 
yuir cr, and j wil tec, yra de wa ov l^f. Legt ov daz iz given 
us fer sojal and relijus impruivment. 



Review. — (45.) Explain the improper diphthongs; the tripthongs. (46.) How 
are the former represented? "Which series of vowels, combined with ?c, does 
the left-hand half of the circle represent? (47.) What are the sounds of the 
right-hand half of the circle ? (48.) To what consonants may the signs for 
tro and v:o be written without lifting the pen? (50.) To what strokes does the 
w semi-circle connect and form a hook ? On which side of the up-stroke r is u 
written? How does it differ in power from the improper diphthongs? (51.) 
When must the alphabetic w be employed ? (52.) Designate the representa- 
tion of the tripthongs. (53.) What is the phonographic representation of vh? 
(54.) How is the w-hook aspirated? (55.) Designate the first line of word- 
signs; the second. 

(56.) What are the signs to represent the y-series? Which half of the circle 
represents the dot series? What are their sounds? What are the sounds of 
the upperhalf ? (57.) How are they to be written to the consonants? (58. ^ What 
are the word-signs? 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 63 

LESSON VI. 

INITIAL HOOKS — THE L HOOK EXPLAINED. 

59. A peculiar characteristic of I and r is, that they 
readily unite with preceding consonants, — they flow back 
into them, as it were; and hence their classification as 
liquids. This union, though a kind of double sound, is 
formed by a single effort of the voice. Take, for il lustra- 
tion, the two words play and p ray, and observe how sim- 
ultaneously the pi and pr are spoken; so in the termina- 
tion of the words title and acre ; in the former class of 
words no vowel sound comes between the two consonants, 
of course ; in the latter a very indistinct one is heard, but 
which it is not necessary to represent in Phonography. 

60. For the purpose of farther abbreviating phonograph- 
ic writing, this combining of I and r with previous conso- 
nants is represented by hooks written to those consonants. 
As the long consonants are heard first in the words, consis- 
tency would seem to require that they be written first and 
the hooks afterward ; but the reverse of this is the case, 
for the reason that hooks on the termination of the strokes 
maybe more philosophically and advantageously employed 
for other purposes ; and besides, the pi, pr, hi, br, &c, 
being considered single sounds almost, the stroke and the 
hook may be regarded in the same light ; they should ac- 
tually be spoken as such in spelling and reading, i. e., as 
the final syllables in able, (hi) Utile, (il) paper, (pr) lover, 
(vr); and not as p, I ; b,l\ p, r; b , r. 



64 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

TABLE OF THE i-HOOK. 



\pl 


pa 


/ ol «- kl 


\bl 


pdi 


r ji c- g i 




Cti 


^*! J- struck up. 



Gl. The hook is first turned, and then the long conso- 
nant struck in the usual manner. The Z-hook, like the 
s-circle, is made on the right-hand side of the vertical 
and inclined straight strokes, on ihe upper side of the 
Jit horizontals, and on the inside of the curves. 

52. This hook to the strokes s, z, down-stroke r and ij 
is net needed, since for »l and zl t the circle is used with 
more advantage; as,,/ da, p^musd; ami the initial 
book to I, np-stroke r, m and n, is more useful as to, 

63. The /and j take the /-hook only when they are 
combined with other stroke consonants, and then they 
are struck upward; thus, 0_. ^y esenfal, '"^s V amhrc^al. 

64. The stroke and the hook being considered as one 
sign, are vocalized as though no hook were used ; an. I in 
writing, if a vowel precedes a hooked stroke it is written 
before it; thus, \ abel, *^_eril; and if the vowel fol- 
lows, it must be placed after ; thus, <^ yl^ t ,-_^Ucs; or 
a vowel may be written both before and after; thus, >\ 
nb!i, V P idlur, |" dtJclar, ■ ..- ^ ekaklam. 

A ^~ \ 

65. In some combinations of consonants it is difficult 

to make a good Z-hook, but it can generally be understood, 
as in the word <^\ rcpl[ ; in some cases, however, it "is 
necessary to write the long I; as in Q — Qj^~ sulcsesfid. 

Note. — The learner must remember that the hook I is to be used 
only when its sound follows a preceding stroke consonant; hence 
Ip, Id, Ik, fyc. : must be written with the stroke I. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 65 

READING EXERCISE XVII. 

^%\^€^:^:^ 

WRITING EXERCISE XVIII. 

Pla, bio, g\% ill, pl^, apli ©bljj, aflikt, bjbel, tjtel, kupel, 
plenti, blazez, klasez, regal, fikel, reklam, inflam, remiuval, 
fatal, radikal, klerikal, bujel, espejal, mqxjal,. inflmenjal. 

SPECIAL SCHEME OF VOCALIZATION. 

66. It lias been stated, (59) that the 7-hook is de- 
signed to be used when no vowel comes between the sound, 
of I and a preceding consonant, or when the vowel is but 
indistinctly heard ; of the latter class are the following : 

X^ apeh a c — ; egelz; of this class of words, however, 
it is held by some that there is no vowel sound heard 
in the last syllables. But it is found very convenient, 
occasionally, to take a little license with the rule, and 
use the hook even where a vowel sound is distinctly heard 
between it and the stroke. Thus, in writing the word 
falsehood, it. is much easier and quicker to write the hook I, 
thus, ^i? than thus, ^/Ti - 

67. When this is done, a peculiar scheme of vocaliza- 
tion is resorted to ; namely, the dot vowels are indicated 
by a small circle placed in the three positions, before the 
stroke for the long, and after for the short vowels ; as 

(U defysiv, f c til, f^Z legal; when the dash vowels are to 

be read between the stroke and the hook, it is indicated by 
striking the dash through the stroke j as c_t ~\ kulpabel; 01 

6 



66 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

when its place is at the hooked end it may be written just 
before the hooked stroke ; thus, [>^ tolurabel; the diph- 
thongs, when necessary, are written as the stroke vow- 
els; thus, / nW* ^~\Lkwolifi. 

This method of writing is used to a very limited extent; 
and the learner is cautioned against using it for any words 
but such as are designated, in this and subsequent les- 
sons, to be written thus. 



kp 




READING EXERCISE XVIII. 

WRITING EXERCISE XIX. 

Felsiti, fuilzkap, felo-sitizenz, fialnes, fulrainat, vulgat, 
filosofikal, voluptuous, konvulsiv, colonial, galvamK, kalamiti, 
kolekt, kaikiilaf, Jilin. 

Z-HOOX PRECEDED BY THE S-CIRCLE. 

68. The s-circle k prefixed to the compound consonant 
signs, as well as to the simple. It is first written, and the 
pen carried round so as to form the hook before making 
the long sign; thus, \^supel, ./ sagel, %^ siviliz. 

69. No new rules are required for vocalizing ; it needs 
only to be borne in mind when the long s is to be used 
(37); and that the stroke and hook are considered as one 
sio-n. and if the vowel is heard before them it is written 
before them ; if after, it is written afterward ; as in the 
previous examples. 

*Sfe Lesson X, on Half-length Strokes. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



67 



70. In reading, (he circle is read first, then the 
vowel, if one precede the compound stroke ; and lastly 
the compound consonant, with its following vowel if there 
be one. 

71. Word-signs. c — Jcel, c -__ difihilll, ^ ful, f til 
and teli ^^ vahjui. 

READING EXERCISE XIX. 




H ^ v x -^ a^.. 



-V^ 



Siv v^ 



** 



9 • 



,rv"\ i 



\ 



P 



\ K s 



68 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 




W>Y* 



O 

K 



WRITING EXERCISE XX. 

Setel, sjdel r sutelti, sikelz, siviliti, supelnes, sivilfzig, 
svrivel, spljsirj, pesful, posibel, splendid, fezabel, advjzabel, 
displaig, disklozez. 

►Jdelxes. — 5delnes iz a plag tu de skolur, fer unles he 
apljz himself klosli tu. biz buks, he luizez el klam tu de 
aploz oy hi z famili er hiz ofijal siiperiur. It iz Jamful; fer 
he Jud rekolekt dat hiz famili bav a rjt tu luk fer sumtig 
tuisiuI in him tu repa dem fer ted and anzjeti. It iz unre- 
zunabel; fer, unles he giv up biz evil wa and dui biz cli^ti 
fatfuli, no blesig awats him, but be iz displezirj tu biz klas- 
feloz, tu himself, and tu el pepel. Fmali, it iz eful; fer jdel 
habits qr apt tu bekum wars, and de evil wnn M elwaz rniscjif 
seks fer £del yuit tu dm." But de skolur hui fatfuli apljz 
himself tu vrurk, wil obljj him hm teqez him, and plez el 
pepel hm no him. 



Review. — (59.) Explain the peculiar character of I and r. (60.) How are 
strokes with I and r-hooks to he spoken? (61.) On which side of the vertical 
and inclined straight strokes is the /-hook written V "Which side of the sti-aight 
horizontals ? "Which side of the curves? (62.) To which of the strokes is the 
Z-hook not written, and why ? (63.) How do/ and 5 take the /-hook ? (64.) How 
are /-hook strokes vocalized? (G6.) What is said about a vowel sound between 
the stroke consonant and the hook? (67.) How are vowels of the dot series 
represented in the scheme for vocalizing the hook? How the dash series? 
How the dipthongs 1 (68.) How may the g-eircle be written to the initial end 
of the hooked strokes?- (70.) What is the rule for reading such compound 
elrokes ? (71.) V. hat are the /-hook word-signs? 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 69 



LESSON VII. 

THE .K-HO OK — DOUBLE CURVE FOR SB. 

72. The r-hook is written on the left-hand side of the 
vertical and inclined straight strokes, and on the underside 
of the straight horizontals, — just the reverse of the Z-hook. 
Some of the curved strokes take this hook irregularly. 

TABLE OF THE J2-HOOK. 



Npr 


1 tr 


/ S r 


,— kr 


N br 


1 dr 


^jr 


c-gr 


°Afr 


<) tr 


Jir 




°\ vr 


<) dr 


J I 





73. It will be seen from the table that/, v, t and d 
take the r-hook by assuming the positions of r, w, s and z; 
thus, ^ fre, < 7\ ovur, J_ Irm, *) eiur, which they can do 
without danger of ambiguity, since these letters never re- 
ceive an initial hook: rr not being wanted, tor existing in 
the w-hook to the up-stroke r, and the sr zr being supplied 
by the s-circle; thus, tr , c>s \ and / 

74. To indicate the r-hook on m and n, the strokes are 
made heavy, which distinguishes them from win ten; thus, 
<zs onur, Y^ dinur, (r ^r < gramur; y does not take any 
hook, and hence n made heavy with a hook will not make 
confusion. 

Sometimes this hook, like the Z-hook, has to be made 

rather indistinctly, as [! degre* X N askrib. After J 

the downward r is used instead of the hook, as J' fakur. 



TO MANUAL OF PnOXOGRAPHT. 

• 

75. The remarks in regard to vocalizing the /-hook 
strokes apply in every particular to the /--hook strokes, It 
should especially be borne in mind that the hooked strokes 
are regarded as one letter, and spoken asrthe last syllables 
in rea^fr, letter, acre, tire; and that as a general thing the 
hook is only used when no distinct vowel sound comes be- 
tween another consonant and a following r, as in ^\ pra. 
c ~i kri", -j utur. f^J Irjur. 

76. When r | is preceded by 3 (icj), they mai 
united: as in 1 irytur, and all its compounds. 

READING EXERCISE XX. 




WRITING EXERCISE XXI. 

Drj. trr, dra, krj. sjro, akur, odnr, upur, aprjz. april, aprmv. 
dreni, brij, frck. frida. muivur, klorur, tro, ga&ur, plegur, 
era3ur, pluumr, murdur, manur, onuraoe', ovurluk i 
hwar, krimiral. purqesez. transroz, tremhel. brudur, jumf, 
jurnal, framur, ¥ .ndurful. Cekur, jokur. 

77. A limited license is taken with the above rule(75), as 
ki the case of the 7-hook, and the r-hook is as a dis- 

tinct vowel sound does come between it and the previous 
consonant ; in which case the same peculiar scheme of 
vocalization is employed; thus, "1 - . /] _ dqrk, 

nl_x pursun, c-K tars, ^^ rdkwtrz,^^ j-o-lyur. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 71 

READING EXERCISE XXI. 






WRITING EXERCISE XXII. 

Gerfuil, karles, merli, nsrli, Gqrlz, e/rrkol, paragraf. Jqrk, 
jqrpur. terni, purvnrs, korsli, nioraTiti, nert, nurij, enermiti, 
preliminari, fetyur, lektyur. 



THE JJ-HOOK PRECEDED BY THE S-CIECLE. 

78. The s-circle precedes the r-hook in much the same 
manner as it does the ?-hook ; thus, it might be written e \ 
spr, G thr'i but since the s-circle alone neYer occupies 
the r-kook side of the straight strokes, advantage is taken of 
the circumstance, since a circle is more easily written than a 
circle and a hook, to write simply the circle; thus, ['• stra, 
c— '^ sJcrsi'/i, j sidur, 1 . sitkitr, / sejcr. But with the 
curves this contraction cannot be made, since the simple 
s-eircle occupies the place ; hence the circle and hook must 
both be written ; thus T\ sufur, £r^ simwr, <iL -^ sinur. 

79. When the s-circle and r-hook come between two 
straight consonants, it is often more convenient to write 
the hook in addition to the circle than not ; as in ^>^\ 
prospur, ~~ 1 ~ G [ % ekstrpz, 

80. The same rules are to be observed in vocalizing 
and reading that were given for the. /-hook preceded by 
the s circle, (68, 69.) 



72 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

READING EXERCISE XXII. 

WRITING EXERCISE XXIII. 

Spvj, stra, strjk, strem, skrap, skruipel. skrjb, stregf, strugel 
stranj, stroggur, supur, sabur, supremasi, sekrcsi, sjfur, suf- 
Brig, scvur, simur, suinur. 



THE DOUBLE CURVE FOR SB. 

81. When a curved stroke is repeated, an angle is made 
between the two ; thus, Vs -^_ ff, ^^ nn t which leaves 
at liberty, to be used for some other purpose, the double- 
length strokes. A somewhat arbitrary, though convenient 
use, is made of them thus : Doubling the length of a 
curved stroke, adds the syllable dur to the single strokes ; 
thus, V^. fqdvr, ^-^anudur. These forms are used chief- 
ly as word-signs for fqdur i mud 'ur, mdur, (above the line,) 
anudur, radar, furdur. 





82. 


S-HOOK WORD-SIGNS. 






\ principle-al 
*\ re-member 

] truth 
c — care 


*> from 
^ every 

/ three 

°) there, their 


i 


sure 

pleasure 
I Mr. re-m 
"jmore 


ark 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 73 

READING EXERCISE XXIII. 
\ -ir-if TV 9 I \P^ N °^ * 

• «i *Y -> ,^< - -™ 1 -• 

VVVf t .;..-S ft au*^ 



74 



MASUAL OF PIlONOCriAPIJT. 



1 x • v, **V/r X J - ti .1 . l^ , > 

\ 9 *JJ> , I 3 J W o m \ 



. ^ . ^ , r •) Ji ^r 



1 \ K v 5> 



WRITING EXERCISE XXIV. 



Scriisnks a\d Sobrifti. — Nuir) rrobel iz tu be bad but 
wid seriusnet Mid sobrjeti. ii sobur pursuit seka tu wa dc 
trm valym ov tigz and tu la no tre^urz in tqfelz, but radii r 
on bwot iz important. Nutin, puhaps, strjks us az so stranj 
and fmlij as tu obzurv pepel scrius abst trjfelz, and triflitj 
wid serius tig/.. Sosjeti sufurz konsidurabli bj de trfjflur, hut 
hats sobrjeti and seriusnes, and wed smnur hav foli tu nn] 
svjprem. Sup1|d wid stroz tu pla wid, he sufurz de strem ov 
lit' tu flo awa, until dot puts in biz sikel, and separate de strig 
ov Iff. Ns iz no tjm for sukur or eskapi He strjks wid 
stregt and unerirj am; strips him ov ol biz plez, strmz biz 
hops intu de ar, and a strugel klozez biz karcr. It iz bot 
untrui and stranj tu konstrui seriusnes intu sadnes, or tu kon- 
sidur sobrjeti de sam az unhapincs ; for it iz skarsli posibel tu 
be propurli ga or truili hapi, unles we no hwcn tu be sobur. 

Review. — [72] On which side of tin' straight strokes is the r-hook written V 
FT3.] Wliat strokes do not take the r-hook? Mi what way do f. r,f. ;/. t-. 
r-hook? Why this irregularity '■ (~4.) How do w and n take this hook ? (:.5 ) 
What is said about vocalizing? (77.) What is the license in regard to the use of 
the r-hook? Explain the peculiar scheme of vocalization. (78.) How is Ibe 
^-circle prefixed to the straight r-hook strokes? How to the curves ? (80.) What 
is the rule for reading these combinations ? (81.) What is effected by doubling 
the length of curved strokes? [82.] Designate the first four word-signs; the 
next four; the last five. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 75 

LESSON VIII. 

TERMINAL HOOKS. 

83. Since the hooked strokes, although representing 
two elementary sounds, are written with nearly the same 
facility as the simple strokes, the method of hooking is 
applied to the termination of the consonant signs as well 
as to the beginning. The most useful purposes which the 
two terminal hooks can subserve, are to represent the very 
frequent sound of u and the common final syllable fun, 
heard in such words as passion, nation, physician, &c. 

TABLE OF THE A'-HOOK. 

\ pn J tn r/ gn — > kn 

\ bn ■ J da y jn — ■> gn 

Vo fl1 ! o tn ,) sn ^/ J \\\ 

V. vn (to <) zn cJ '6 n 

"^X^ni CC*^ ^^ mn onn ^ wn 

84. On the straight strokes the w-hook is written on 
the same side that the rhook occupies ; that is, on the 
left hand side of the vertical and inclined, and on the un- 
der side of the horizontal strokes, embracing , of course, 
the up stroke r ; while on the curves it is written on the 
inner or concave side, whether to the left or right ; as 
illustrated in the preceding table. 

So. The n-hook might be written on all the strokes; 
but on the ij it would seldom, if ever, be of any advantage. 
The «?-hook to the n answers every purpose that an n- 
hook to the w would ; the h with a final hook would not 
be so serviceable as the dot aspirate. 



76 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

86. Of the two forms for ln,fn, the down-stroke/ and 
the up-stroke 7 are generally used, the others being em- 
ployed only in connection with other strokes when the 
first mentioned would be unhandily written. 

87. The w-hook is always the last thing, belonging to 
a stroke, to be read; thus, ^ pan, \^Jp* t C Uh, (, din, 
/\ run, /{y 3 l'in. If no distinct vowel sound is heard be- 
tween the stroke and the hook, no vowel sign is written; 
as, \^Tieven, \J of an; where a third-place vowel sound 
is heard, the sign must be placed on the outside of 
the hook; thus, ^~. mm, (. ian, — ps wagun; thus the 
vocalization is the same as in other compound strokes. 

88. Strokes having an initial circle or hook, of any 
kind, may also have a final hook or circle ; as \< plan, 
3* stran. 

89. When the n is the last consonant in a word, fol- 
lowed by a vowel, it must be written at length ; as ^l,. 
muni, C_^ Qpia. 

READING EXERCISE XXIV. 




WRITING EXERCISE XXV. 

Pan, pin, bum, ton, dsv, e,an, jero, kan, gem, fjn, van 
den, Jin, ©Jan, ran, run, Ion, Ifn, mjn, mum, non, n3n; open, 
rjpen, gqrden, jaken, organ, erfaa, enliven, morn, wernig, felen, 
baluin, roman, wuman. Brsn, dran, restran, pqrdun, burden, 
refran, regan, enjern, abstan. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 77 

THE 2^-HOOK FOLLOWED BY S. 

90. When s follows after n, without an intervening 
vowel, the circle may be turned on the hook, as in the 
case of s preceding the /-hook and r-hook; thus, \gf*M, 
V 9 vinz, ^~b manz, "Jy* mafenz, /f^> rrfranz. With the 
straight strokes, however, it is unnecessary to make both 
the hook and circle, since the circle itself embraces the 
hook, and will not be mistaken for 5, which is always 
written on the other side of the stroke ; thus, ^ pern, 
J- duns, qX gani, -^/^ r,rorn2,\ & lec/inz. 

91. The double circle for nsez is conveniently used on 
the straight strokes, for such words as \-temez, / gansez, 
• *.,^q ko/sekwinsez ; but as a double circle cannot well be 
formed on the hook attached to a curve, a stroke n must 
be used in such words as y ^_oflnansez *^^x> winsez. 



READING EXERCISE XXV, 



17 ^v<° v c vr ^s ~V) 



WRITING EXERCISE XXVI. 



Panz, benz, penz, tcmz, c,anz, ganz, mornz, burnz, erfanz 
vinz, Junz, balans, remanz, Jurmanz, pron^ns; komplanz, eks- 
planz, akerdans, kwestyunz, kristyanz, enjernz, inkljnz. Prin- 
sez, dansez, kondensez, glansez, ekspensez, konsekwensez, 
pron^nsez, advansez, konjensez. 



73 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

92. A-HOOK WORD-SIGNS. 

N^ upon .—J can (j than 

^ been V^, phonography /° alone 

I done \^f phonographer ^— a men 

y generally V^ phonographic %_p opinion 

READING EXERCISE XXVI. 
c • </ A ^-^ y /i^ • ; x 



x %^ , _ ,<1 V, ^ ^\ \ r* 

C J C ^ x 



X A 



<r-9 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 79 



"Np/t,,« 




WRITING EXERCISE XXVII. 

Kurej. — Trm kurej haz its orij«n in viartu. Animal fer- 
Jesnes puts on de semblans ov kurej, and iz efen taken fer it, 
V>j njn st ov ten amug men ; but de falasi ov dis opinyim haz 
"bin Jon bj jenural eksperiens, for prmdens iz ekwali esenjai tu 
it. Tu at an trm kurej, entur upon nutig raj'li, egzamin wel 
hwot de ijym iz ljkli tu be, and term ymr opinyun befor ym 
begin. ^H-jj kan yra. den fcr, if ym hav gon tu wurk upon prin- 
sipel, and hav dun el ym kan dm; or Shwj Jud ym i'cl a kon- 
snni for konsekwensez, hwiq hav bin elredi wad bj ym. in. 
humbel reljans upon de asistans ov Heven, go openli and witt 
konfidens tu finij ymr planz. <Iis simpel fat alon, de reljans 
ov children upon a Hevenli Fqdur, wil kari ym safli trm. Ke- 
m em bur dis trait, Ireevur, dar iz jenurali mor trm kurej Jon 
bj a pasiv rezistans tu de skorn and snerz ov men, dan haz 
evur bin sen in eni bodili defens lnvotsoevur. Trm. kurej iz 
bj no menz save] vjolens, ner a fuil-hq,rdi insensibiliti tu 
danjur; ner a hedstrog rajnes too. run sudenli intu it; ner a 
burnig frenzi broken 1ms from de guvurnig p-sur ov rezun ; 
but it iz a seren, furm deturminig — de kurej ov a man, but 
nevur de fersnes ov a tjgur. 



Review.— (83.) What are final hooks? (84.) On which side of llic 
straight strokes is the n-hook written? On which side of the curves? (85.) 
On what strokes is the n-hook not written? (86.) "Which forms of the 
In and fn are generally used ? (87.) How are the n-hook strokes 
vocalized? (89.) In what case must the stroke n be employed? (80.) 
How is the circle written to the w-hook on the curves ? How on the straight 
strokes? {91.) "What is the double circle when written in the w-hook place? 
(9-2.) Designate the straight stroke word-signs ; the curved strokes. 



30 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



LESSON IX. 

XT-HOOK — VOWEL CONTRACTIONS — DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. 

93. This hook is entirely arbitrary ; flutt is, it is not 
phonetic at all, in t: _n used to represent 

three sounds : bu: it is nevertheless more consistent than 
the old method of writing, for it always represents the 
same sounds. Of course the means exist in the alphabet 
fur writing out the syllable in full, if preferred. 



TABLE OF THE X.Y-300K. 



1 t/n /qjn 


_o kjn 


L d -' n 6 JJ n 


-^ gi° 


g tjn >) sjn J J-Jn 




C <*J& 3 z> J 3in 




^/rfn P- Vn 





\ b/n 
VO fa 



^ ni}n o njn <^ c.'n ^^ hjn 

94. On the straight strokes, the ///-hook is made on 
the opposite side from the n-hook : and on the curses if is 
made in the position of the n-hook, but double its siz:-, as 
illustrated above. 

95. The most general use of this hook is at the ter- 
mination of words; as xN s^ opfun, \f por/un. If a vowel 
follow the stroke on which the hook is written, it is read 
between the stroke and the hook : as V^; £ra?uri, ^^ 
relafun, .[/? wdon {; Jconsidurc m 

96. The/rt-hook is often conveniently used in the mid- 
dle of a word also ; thus, [_5^ dikfunari, / \^ * \<^ 

jfunaxi 



MANTXAL OF PII0N0GRAPHY. SI 

97. The s-circle m?y be added by writing it distinctly 
on the inside of these hooks, to the straight strokes as 
well as the curves ; thus, [-, "kondifunz, * ^9 irivayinz. 

98. Word-signs. — *\>ohjeJcftui ) \ > 2> suhjelcfun, — 'oka^im. 

READING EXERCISE XXVII. 

\- r ^ T n - <**%>.<** 

v -Lr" .u 'v i~^ ^ x 

WRITING EXERCISE XXVIII. 

Pojun, stajun, kompajim, ambijun, kondijun, negajim, 
komyoonikajun, diprajun, petijun, indikajun, f 1131m, invagun, 
ihl3im, revolujun, konsolajun, em© Jim, admijim, najun, am- 
yuinijun. Prof^gun, refermajim, selekfim, delegajun, deprj- 
vajun, supurvigun, kohegim. 

Petifiinuv, ekseknjunur, okagunal, revolujunari. Pajimz, 
sedijunz, vigunz, efi^vmz, mijunz, nojunz, administrajimz. 



99. Vowel Contractions. — The vowels being so simply 
and easily formed, but little is to be desired in the way of 
abbreviating the method of writing them; but as consider- 
able time is lost by lifting the pen in passing from one to 
another, it is no small advantage to write two vowel sounds 



82 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

in one sign, where it can be done without ambiguity. 
Such a contraction is quite common in words where the 
short vowel i immediately precedes another of the simple 
vowels ; as in the words varlus, eflmvi& t cnunj'iajun, rafio: 
becoming nearly like varyus, ejlmvya, enunfyafuu, r&fyo. 
This coalition of vowels so nearly produces the articula- 
tions ya, y-i, yo, yu, that the signs for these improper diph- 
thongs are used in such cases ; thus, k_^\ varius, ,ry* 
MSofi&fun, ^-<rn r&fio. 

iOJ. Dissyllabic Diphthongs. — The following is an 
additional scale of diphthongs, simply formed, and some 
of which are very useful: — 

*"j el <|ai ^ <u > [ el >ioi >| m >; as m 

"~ klm, ^^ snoi, \>s q'hj £_ -sfo'k, f y //"(. The sign 
for oi may also be used for oe in a few words that would 
otherwise be inconveniently written; as ^ ^O' hicensoev- 
ur, hiv&rsoevur, loest, Sj-c. 

101. The close diphthong heard in the word aye, though 
differing but little from either [ or qi, is written thus, v 

REA.DING EXERCISE XXVI If. 




r 1 ' 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 83 




WRITING EXERCISE XXIX. 

Envius, eronius, variajun enunjiajun, glorius, serius, pali- 
ajun, aleviajun, homiopati. 

Klai, flei, biloi, stoikal, loest, glmi. 

Ambijun iz de okagun ov sedijun, konfqgiiD, and desola- 
Juti, and arszez evuri evil emojun and pajun. 

An qs, pikig up a 1 junz skin hwiq had bin Iron awa, put it 
on; and runig intu de wudz and pastyurz, began to bra, in i un- 
it ajun ov de ljunz ror, hvncj trui de floks intu teribel konfqgun. 
At lerjt de onur kam alorj and wud liav bin struk wid kgn- 
sturnafun elso, but upon hiz lisnig mor klosli, he stun so de 
ilqgun in de vos, and so, rnorovur, de qsez erz stikig st. Wid 
no hezitajun he ran up tu de qs and wid hiz kujel bet him se- 
verli, saig : "Yra fuil, yui hav bin de okajun ov skarig de f ioks, 
but jd hav yui tu no oldo yoo luk ljk a ljun, yet yra bra ljk 
an qs. 

Aplikafun. — Afektajun wil Jrarli ekspoz a man tu derigun 
in proporfun tu hiz asumpjuru 

Review. — (94.) On which side of the straight strokes is the /w-hook made ? 
How is it made to the curves? (95.) How is the/«-hook read? (96.) Give new 
examples of the two situations in which it may be used. (97.) How is the 
g-circle added ? (98.) What are the word signs? (99.) Explain the vowel 
contractions. (100.) Th« d*-ayllat>ic diphthongs. (101.) How is aye written? 



C4 MaXUaL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



L E S S N X . 



HALF-LENGTH STROKES. 



102. In consequence of the frequent recurrence of the 
sounds / and d, it is found very convenient to give them 
another and more contracted representation ; it is also 
rendered necessary by the fact that one frequently follows 
the oth.r, and since they sre both perpendicular 
their repetition at full length would carry the wriii: g 
far below, the line fur conveni 

philosophical means has already been 

ed to for the purpose of giving to Phonography the 

u'tima.um of brevity ; and if the following scheme has 

only the -emblance of philosophy in it, it will be as much 

as can be expected. In ch dl known, the 

more a substance — a poison, or steam, for instan 

concentrated, the great power: I in order to get 

i n of the consonants / and d without writing 

th'.m at L-ugUi, the single strokes and | , by being 

com: :o haf i\ . are made to represent 

the addition of a / and d. And the principle is extended, 

rise, to the oiher consonants. 

104. The strokes r. y, ir, h, are not made half-length 
be addition of t and d. 

105. To illustrate this principle, suppose the word 
faded is to be written : there are three consonants in it, 
all downward strokes, which would cany the last d the 
length of two strokes below the line ; but by making the 

another d is supposed to be 
added, and the word is thus neatly written: s! faded. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 85 

The principle is further illustrated by the following 
words: 
f toJc, [_ telct; / \ rap, /* rapt; (■ v. Ho, /T^ livd. 

106. A vowel before a half-length consonant is read 
before both letters; as \ apt, *) est, "7\ qrt, _j_ alct; but 
when placed after, it is read immediately after the primary 
letter, and the added t or d follows it; thus, f~ fcot, "Y rotf, 
\ *p#, [^ konteml, f lite/, 

107. As a general thing the light strokes, when halved, 
are followed by the light sound, t, and the heavy ones 
by the heavy sound, d; thus, ( tot, " V. gift, n ) yiuzd, 

*- fet. This is always the case where no vowel inter- 
venes between the sound of the stroke and the t or d ex- 
pressed by the halving, as in the above words. But 
under other circumstances a heavy consonant sound often 
follows a light one, and vice versa ; and in such cases 
the half-length light strokes must express the addition 
of d , and the heavy ones that of t; as ^^\' melted, >^ 
pepeld, {\_^ alfabrt. 

108. Since, however, the heavy strokes occupying the 
places of r, I, m, and n, are not made half-length, these 
four letters, when followed by a d, are, for the sake of 
distinction, made heavy ; as /' gerd, s f old, y: \^ 
formd; and light when a t follows; as ^ qrt, fe delit, 
~\^ remit. The I is struck upward when t is to be 
added, and when d, downward, since in this direction it is 
more easy to make a heavy stroke. 

109. A stroke beginning or ending with the s circle, or 
either of the hooks, or both hook and circle, is also made 
half-length, when necessary ; thus, ^* sped, \ swift, T 
tret, \ komplet, ^ frat, °\*strat, -p seteld; S> bedz, ^ mats, 
\ band, \> pafent, <^. plant, xr> grand; the order of read- 
ing being the same as in the full length strokes. 



86 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

110. It must be observed that when the circle s is writ- 
ten to a half-length consonant it must be read after the 
added t ord; because the s is added to the consonant after 
it has been halved; thus, \. pat, \> £>,?/$, (not^>,?s/,) 
V« f il *"> \o f< lls y (not ft at.) 

111. Half length consonants, unconnected with other 
strokes, should be employed only for words containing but 
one vowel: as ^ vod, ^nit; and the two full length let- 
ters should be used in words containing two or more vow- 
els; as V, avvd, '"^] yiunit. 

112. The past tense of verbs ending like \/ pq,rt, are 
more conveniently written thus, \/l' pqrtcd, than "VJ 

113. There are a few words in which t and d occur 
three times in succession, which mnke it necessary to sep- 
arate the half-length from the long stroke; thus. J ■ at'dqd. 

1 14. Since the half-lengths occupy only a portion of the 
usual space, they follow the rules given to the horizontals, 
of accented vowel positions, above or on the line according 
as the consonant has a first place, or a second or third- 
place vowel; thus, L \ slrcl, <- apred, ^ find,\^ fund. 

READING EXERCISE XXIX. 

^ S ^ </ A 9f 

N /^" ' V ~^o TV, V &p 



Vn 



MANUAL OF SONOGRAPHY. 



87 



WRITING EXERCISE XXX. 

Fet, fat, Jet, lat, mat, not, spot, skot, savd, selt, snijt, sent; 
pernt, bend, kontend, erdand, enjomd, kjnd, rsfjnd, legtend, 
land, rnjnd; pants, bandz, pretendz, kontents, disk^hts; frend, 
advent, hqrdli, survd, konsumd, holdz, beted, habit, hurld, 
perild, upvjt, gqrded, delated, upwurd, purssvd, cjld, lektyurd. 



115. Under certain circumstances t and d should not be 
represented by half-length strokes: First, When a vowel 
follows t or d at the end of a word; thus having . — r gilt, 
we cannot make gilti by placing i after the half-length I, 
for it would then re-ad gilit; hence the stroke t must be writ- 
ten in order to give a place after it for the vowel ; thus 
mmm f f gilti. Second, In many words of one syllable, where 
if the vowels were omitted, or indistinct, they would be mis- 
taken for the vowel word-signs ; thus, ^s bad, instead of 

\ ; J put, instead of V Third, When the half- stroke 
would not make a distinct angle with the preceding or fol- 
lowing stroke , as '^j amend, instead of "~^ ; and in 
some other cases that will suggest themselves to the learner. 



116. HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS. 



P 
1 

J 



particular 

opportunity 

spirit 

told 

toward 

gentlemen 

gentleman 

quite 

could 

called 

according-ly 



■^ 



( cannot 
~° ( account 
_ (God 
( good 
c- great ^ 

^ after _ 

( thought 

i that 
' ( without c ^ / 

) establish-ment w 
-? short </ 



Lord 
v word 
^ ( immediate-ly 

(made 
—^ might 
not 
nature 

ent 

wont 

under 

orld 






88 MANUAL OF rilOXOGRAPHT. 

READING EXERCISE XXX. 

^~< <=- C N , \. ) C « 

*•_( C/C ^__ ^ l , \ f < a 

A- t J ^^^Arr; 



) < 



^ 






^_x 'v x ~ V 5k 



> 



Xi? 






\^ \ 



X a 



, ; . X -*& \ 



^ \ . . /" 



•> 



. ^1 < ^ •) X 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 89 

WRITING EXERCISE XXXI. 

L0RENS L£IZI, 0R LURNITJ FONOGRAFI. 

Tu lurn, er not tu. lurn, dat iz de kwestjun: 

kwedur -tiz noblux in de mjnd tu. suf ur 

de koinpleks kwibelz ov ainbigjuius Logkand; 

er tu opoz wid pen and vers a t^zand erurz, 

and, bj opozig, end dem? — Tu lurn, — tu rjt, — 

and, bj FonograB, tu sa we end 

ds felsitiz, de t^zand ted jus ilz 

Log hand prodi^sez — "tiz a konsumajun 

dev^tli tu be wijt. Tu rjt; — tu lurn; — 

tu lurn! but den tu wurk \ — qi, da^rz de rub; 

for, tu akwjr dis qxt, hwot ted ma kum 

ar i kan Jufel ef mj habits old, 

Jud giv me pez: darz de respekt 

dat maks Grtografi ov so log 4£; 

for 1 hui wud bar de imiraurabel ilz ov Loghand, 

its bqrbarus lent, its ambig-qiti, 

its e,jld-ternientig difikultiz, and 

its wont ov rail, tmgedur wid de tod 

hwic, pajent skrjbz ov sue; a sistem hav, 

hwen he himself mjt hiz relesment mak 

wid a Duzen Lesunz. IHra vet wud yuiz 

dis bqrbarus relik ov tst bjgon daz, 

but dat de dred ov sumtig tu be lurnt, — 

(dat wek unmanli ez, from hmz embras 

no lazi man kan get,) — puzelz de wil, 

and maks him radar bar e'n felsitiz, 

dan lurn de trait he jet noz nutig ov. 

cLus indolens tra eft retqrdz de mjnd; 

and dus de progres ov a jrasful qrt 

iz qekt, but not prevented; fer de tjm 

wil kum hwen dis sam bref Fonografi 

Jal trjumf o*r its f^nal oponent. 

Review. — (102.) What is the necessity for a second mode of representing i 
and d ? (103.) "What is their second representation? Explain the philosophy of 
halving a consonant. (104.) What strokes are not written half-length? (107.; 
What is the general rule for knowing whether a t or a d is added 7 In what 
case does this rule never fail? (108.) What half-length light strokes are made 
heavy for the addition of d ? In what direction are the half-lengths I and r 
struck, for the addition of d ? for the addition of t? (109.) May strokes hav- 
ing initial and terminal circles and hooks be halved? (110.) When the circle s 
is written to a half-length sign, is it read before or after the added t or d ? 
(111.) Should a half-length letter alone be used with two vowels? (113.) How 
are words written in which t and d occur three times in succession? (114*) 
What is the rule for the position of half-length strokes? (115.) What is the first 
case in which a stroke should not be halved for a following t or d? The 
2nd? the 3rd? (.116.) Give the first column of word-signs; the 2nd; the 3rd. 

8 



90 MANoAV OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



LESSON XI. 



SPECIAL CONSONANT CONTRACTIONS. 

117. The s-eircle, initial and final hooks, and half- 
length stems, are contracted modes of writing that admit 
of general application, and of perfect vocalization. But 
as Phonography studies the greatest degree of abbrevia- 
tion, consistent -with legibility, a few combinations of con- 
sonants, and some syllables of frequent occurrence, are 
provided with special forms of contraction, some of which 
only are capable of vocalization. Of these there are the 
frequent st, in the past participle of verbs ending in s, in 
the superlative of adjectives, and in many other words, as 
pressed, zoisest, stake ; the sir in the comparative of ad- 
jectives, &c, as faster, sister ; the initial inslr, of instruc- 
tion, &c, and the final s-shi of some nouns, as position', 
all of which it would often be inconvenient to write in the 
usual manner. There are also prefixes, derived from the 
Latin, of frequent occurrence, but of inconvenient length, 
as accom-plish, ineon-sideratt, recom-pense, enter-prise, 
circum-vent. The method of writing these contractions 
constitutes the last lesson proper of the system, and is one 
that should receive special attention, in order that the 
somewhat arbitrary mode of writing shall not be forgotten. 

There is a kind of principle manifested, however, in 
most of the contractions, which renders it almost impossi- 
ble for them to escape the memory, if they be once thor- 
oughly mastered and have been transfixed by the magical 
influence of practice. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 91 

THE LOOPS ST AND STE. 

118. The plan of writing st in some shorter way than 
by the circle s and stroke t, was devised chiefly for the 
purpose of still farther obviating the difficulty of words 
running too far below the line. By simply lengthening 
the s-circle to one-third the length of the stroke on 
which it occurs, the sound of t is aded; thus, v> has, 

\^ bast,^^ rejos, .<"" fi A rtjmt ; v^* vast, ^^prest. 
In other words, a loop written one-third the length of 
the consonant to which it is attached, represents the com- 
bined sounds of s and t, with no vowel between them; and 
by license it may also signify zd, as in c^> Iclozd. 

119. The s or z may be added for plurals, &c, by 
striking the loop through, the long sign and forming the 
circle on the opposite side ; as \\^ bests, _^p pests, ^g nests. 

120. This loop may also be written initially; as in the 
words '\ stop, «f slat, \^ staf, v f stjl, '<*"* si&n. 
And it may be used between two strokes, only when writ- 
ten to t, d, g, j; as kv testlfi, (^ V7~7 distbjgicif, fa just/if j. 

121. When this loop is written in the position of the 
r-hook, like the s-circle it takes the additional power of r; 
thus, ^\ stmpur ,=pr ~ stikur; and when turned in the 
rc-hook position, it assumes the power of that hook ; as 

J- hondenst, _^ agenst. 

122. Half-length strokes also admit of the sMoop, to 
a limited extent ; as ' midst, „ j). sti/dent. 

123. When a word begins with a vowel, followed by 
st or zd, the half-length stroke, and not the loop, must be 
used; as "\f Mstiiri, ^-v. wizdum, 2- 1 -- sistem. 

124. By extending the loop to two -thirds the length 
of the stroke, r is added ; as in the words ^ Webstur, 

$ sistur, ^ mastur. This loop should not be used initially 



92 MANUAL OF PH0N0GRAPH7. 

It may be turned on the n-hook side of the stroke to ex- 
press wstr\ as \£ pnnitvr , and the circle s may be used 
as with the tt loop ; thus, A^ fezturz, ^>. masturz. 
125. Word Sign. — The sMoop is used as a word-sign 
for first, -written on the line and inclined to the right, 
thus, 

READING EXERCISE XXXI. 

^^1^A\ f 1 -L 
v ]./( AX "Vx. <* /*> *" 



WRITING EXERCISE XXXII. 

Past, host, dust, tast, qest, kost, gust, fest, safest, rost, arest, 
arszd, rust, lest, last, mist, most, amu/d, finest, densnst; strap, 
stedfast, stagnant, stif, stov, ster, stil, stem; stopur, stajur, stag- 
ur; distinktli, justifikajun; bests, bosts, kasts, rezists. infests, 
masts; stilt, sturd, stcrd, stamt; kondenst, agenst. Bostuv, 
blustur, fastur, blistur, sistur, impostur ; punstur, spinsturz. 
Stated, advanst, suprest, pretekst, product. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPE1Y. 93 

READING EXERCISE XXX11. 



M ° > V^ - *1f Nj.x-.^i 
^ ) . . •I* \ . V* \ x 



WRITING EXERCISE XXXIII. 
LUV.— Pol ok. 

Hal, holi luv! ds - wttrd dat sumz el blis, 
givst and resevst el blis, fulest hwen most 
ds" givst! sprig -hed of el 3T hapines, 
depest hwen most iz dren! emblem ov God! 
orfloig most hwen gratest numburz drink; 
entjrli blest, bekez (ks sekst no mor, 
hopst not, ner ferst, but on de prezent livst, 
and lioldst purfekjun smjlir) in djn qrmz. 
Dizumur ov de rjpest graps ov jo-, 
J? gaduret and selektet wid hnr hand 



94 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

el fjnest relijez, el farest sjts, 

el rarest odurz, el divjnest s^ndz, 

el tete, el feligz derest tu de sol, 

and brinz de holi mikstyur horn, and filz 

dshqrtwid el s^purlativz ov blis. 



ANOMALOUS N AND EN. 

126. When the sounds spr, sir, and skr follow n in such 
words as inspir&fun, instruJct, inskr'ib, it is impossible, with 
the use heretofore made of n, to write the circle sr to the 
strokes p, t, k, without making it on the back of the n, 
thus, ^ which is difficult to do, and unseemly when 
done. To obviate this difficulty the stroke w is permitted, 
in these cases, to be struck backward or vertically, as the 
nature of the case may require ; but, as there is never 
occasion for any vowel but the first-place i, the stroke for 
the n need not be written full length; indeed, it may be re- 
garded as the n hook used initially; thus, c jj_ 3 instrukfun, 

\ insiipuralel, 9 \j inskripfun. 

127. In a considerable class of words the syllable fun 
follows after the sound of s or z, as pozifun, desi^un, &c, 
which would require that the strokes for these sounds, 
with the fun hook appended, be employed; but such 
would be inconvenient forms, and hence it is allowable to 
use the circle and turn a hook for fan on the opposite side 
of the stroke ; thus, 1° desi^un, >p supozifun; the same 
license is allowed for the loops si and str, thus, /^v * 
molesiafun, < ff ? >. ilu&trafun. This hook is used in some 
such words ?is^\ c pursicsijun; and it may abo be used 
when followed by the termination al; as, "^? pozifunal. 

128. If it be required to write the syllable/^/* after ns, 
the circle for the latter combination may be employed, and 



MAN PAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 95 

the hook turned on the opposite side ; thus, ^^ compensa- 
fun. The plural may be formed, in all these cases, by add- 
ing the circle to the y^-hook ; thus, ^^ sypurslifwtz, j 
hondenscifunz. 

READING EXERCISE XXXIII. 



V 

WRITING EXERCISE XXXIV. 

Insi|purabli, instrukfc, instrmment, instraimentaliti, inskrjbd, 
inskruitabel ; pozijun, dssigun, kezajun, sivil-rzajun, mxizijan ; 
manifestajun, inkrustajun, kondensajun, dispensajun ; sup- 
ozifunz, akq,zafunz, ilustrajunz, sensajunz. 

Studi kondensajun in yuir stjl ov kom pozijun, for do it ma 
kost yui sum trubel at furst, yet it wil asist ym. tu mastur 
purspilniUi and presigun, on de akwizifun ov hwic, qast and 
p^urful rjtig iz basfc. Promted bj a dszjrfor ds akwizijun ov 
welb, man stemz ds stormz ov ds ojan, landz on evuvi kost, in 
spjt ov ds gratest danjurz arjzit) from kljmet or ds hand ov 
unsiviljzd man. Rslijun foloz in de wak ov komnrs, kontend- 
ig agenst its svilz ; and dns, hwjl savej najunz qr blest wid de 
ljt ov sivilizafun, da qr put in pozefun ov ds wurd ov iuspir- 
ajun, and tet ds ©gust truidz ov ds gospel dispensajun. 



96 MANUAL OF PHOXOGRAPflT. 

Review. — (117.) What are the special consonant contractions? (118.) How 
are »t and :d written ? (110.) How may the circle be added? (120.) In what sit- 
uations may the loop be written? (121.) When written in the place of th-.- 
r-hook what power does it give the stroke? What, when written in the n-hook 
place? (122.) How should "the words midst and student be written ' (123.) In 
what case is the loop not to be used? (124.) How \*str written? What eflbi t 
does it have on this loop to place it on the »-hook side? If the sound of * 
f >llow, how is it wrtten? (125). What is the word-sitrn in this lesson? (126. 
When is it necs^iry to use the anomalous mode of writing n ? How is it writ- 
ten? (127.) Under what circumstance is the anomalous fn employed? How 
is it written? (128.) Suppose it be required to write fn after -ns, how is it done? 
If* follow theyw, how may it be written? 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 9^ 



LESSON XII. 

PKEFIXES AND OTHER CONTRACTIONS. 

129. Prefixes. — The following are some additional 

prefixes and affixes that are found convenient and sug- 
gestive with the advanced phonograph er. They should 

be written near the word, but not joined. 

Akoni is expressed by a heavy dot, placed before the in- 
itial end of the following consonant ; thus, X^-' ahum- 
pant, n^ ahomplis. 

Swkum, by a small circle placed in the first vowel posi- 
tion of the next consonant; as, °/ # surkumstans, 
V"\ surkumskrjb. 

Dekom, by | as, I p dekompozifun. 

Dishorn, dlskon, by ^ as, b o/T diskonsuried. 

lukom, inkon, by ^-^ written above the other part of the 
word ; as, ^ inkomplet, '°Ls inkonslstent. 

Tntur, Intro, by ^ in any position near the following 
letter; as, v ~\j: inturvy,^^ introdukfun. By some 
kind of license, the frequent word inturest, is allowed 
to be written thus: j the prefix intur being united 
with the stroke st. 

Irrekon, by ^\ as, """V^N irrehons'ilahel. 

Magna, magni, by '"^ written above the after part of the 
word ; as, T^7> magnanimus, \^__ magnify 

Rehog, by / as, / / >- 9 rehognjz. 

JRekom, rekon, by y>^ as, /<£, rekomend, 'V>N» rekon- 
silaoel. 

Self, by a circle at the middle place of the next consonant ; 
as, JJ selfif. 
9 



98 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

XJnkom, unkon, by v_^ written on the line; as ^^ 
unkomim, ^X unkondifunal. 

It is allowable to represent a prefix which is similar in 
sound to one of the foregoing, by one of the signs there 
furnished; thus, ^ may represent entur, as well as intur; 
and> — ' may represent enkum, iakum, as well nsinkom, inkon. 

130. Affixes. — The following affixes are written near 
the preceding part of the word : — 

BilUi,bj\, as, \/\ diirabiliti,^^ probibiliti. 

L ; , by f written after the word; thus, ^f p&fentli, 
f( konsLmtli. But where it can be written on with- 
out lifting the pen, it is better to do so : thus, \f- 
abundant! i. 

Metti, by T^ as, J^ atonment, J-.-, kontenlment. But it 
may often be written without disconnecting it from 
the body of the word. 

Self, by a circle, as, ° misclf. Selvz, by making the 
circle double size ; as, (p demselvz, (o ymrselvz. 

£&> by y as, ^V lorJfij). 

131. A word-sign may be used as a prefix or an affix ; 
as, ^ advantajus, v< hcraflur. 

READING EXERCISE XXXIV. 

***! X. ^ ^\ A °^ -H. 



MANUAL OF PH0N0GRAPH7. 99 

s c-, A V N ^ 3 - *• //\*J (, 
y- ( ( *N / ■%, e . *-■ cf., / ( J- \ 



WRITING EXERCISE XXXV. 

Akomplijment, akomodajun, surkumfleks, surkumnavigat, 
dekornpoz, diskontinyuid, inkompatibel, inkonsolabel, intur- 
upjun, mtrodiis, magnifisent, rekognijun, rekonsiliajun, self- 
ajiirans, unkompromizig, posibiliti, konsekwentli, himself, 
hersmanjip, darfor, displegur. 

Lurn tu akomodat yrarself tu surkumstansez. Surkum- 
stanjal evideus Jud be kejusli enturtand agenst hqrnan ljf. 
Be surkumspekt in el yrar waz. It iz unkonfermabel tu trrat 
tu sa dat kompajun, frendjip, &s., qr at botum onli selfij'nes 
in disgjz; bekez it iz we ^rselvz lim fel plegur or pan in de gud 
er evil ov ndnrz; for de menir) ov self- In v iz, not dat itiz jdat 
lnvz, but dat j luv mjself. 

If de urfi be surkumskrjbd at de ekwatur, we obtan its grat- 
est surkumfurens, hwiq iz ab^t 24,780 mjlz; a magnitud hwiq 
we kan not turm inkonsevabel, eldo we ma not enturtan a veri 
distinkt idea ov it, muc, mor wud de savej be unkonjus ov ds 
fakt and unkonvinst, in spjt ov yrar endevurz tu pruiv it. 
For unles tanjibel prraf akumpani de asurjun, yra kan not 
akomplij yrar am, and suq prraf iz unkontroviirUbli imposibel. 



100 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

131. Nominal Consonant. — It is sometimes necessary 
to express one or more vowels or diphthongs without aeon- 
sonant. In this case 'f \ \* , may be employed as out- 
lines having no specific values, to which the vowels may 
be placed ; thus, > for Edward or Edmund "\ A for Al- 
fred, ^ Eah, an Irish family surname, &c. The stroke- 
vowels may be struck through the nominal consonant, as 

I O for Oliver, -j~ U. Proper names should be written 
in full when they are known. 

132. Stroke II. — The stroke-A is generally used when 
it is initial, and is followed by s; thus. <?* hasen; also 
when r and a vowel, or r and some other consonant follow; 
thus, £* huri, r^^Y horizontal ^ • hurt; also, 
in words that contain no other consonant than hi, and end 
in a vowel; thus, <r ^ Jtoli. 

133. Vocalizing the large Circle. — The large cir- 
cle ss is considered to represent a syllable containing the 
vowels i or e, thus, sis or se:, It may be vocalized to 
express almost any vowels or diphthongs ; as, ^0 pur- 
stcajiv. 

134. Whenj9 occurs between m and /, and k between 
r) and /, (the p and k being organically inserted in 
speech, in passing to the next consonant.) these letters 
may be omitted; thus, £-s limp, £7 limt, J*< 6tamp, 
o< stamt, ^y^ mjkfus, \p distiykfun. 

In cases where t comes between 5 and another conso- 
nant, the t may generally be omitted without detriment to 
legibility; thus, wf~ mostli, J* resiles, ^^ post- 
pon, l ^~ Ky ~~ mistak. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 101 

<35. Of The.— The connective phrase "of the," 
which merely points out that the following noun is in the 
possessive case, is intimated by writing the words between 
which it occurs near to each other, thus showing by their 
proximity that the one is of the other ; thus, 
/Os^Q_ luv ov de bytiful, \</ subjeU ov is wurk. 



Review.— (129.) How is the prefix accom written ? Surcum ? Decom ? 
Discom, discern? Incem, incon? Inter, intro; interest? Jrrccon? Magna, mag- 
na Rccog; rccom, recvn? Self? Uncom, nncon? How may outer be written? 
Encum incum? (130.) How is the affix bility written? ly? ment? self? ship? 
What is said about Avord-signs in this connection? (131.) Explain the nominal 
consonant. (132.) Under what circumstances is the stroke h generally used ? 
(133.) How may the double circle be vocalized? (134.) When may p be omit- 
ted i k, and t ? (135.) What is said of the phrase of tlve? 



102 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



LESSON XIII 



UNVOCALTZED WRITING PHRASEOGRAPHY, AC. 

136. As in some of the preceding exercises the man- 
ner of writing certain words has been introduced that 
would not admit of full vocalization, the learner may com- 
mence omitting some of the least prominent vowels in his 
common words. As a general thing these omissions 
should be the unaccented vowels. But in reporting, no 
vowels are inserted, except an occasional one that is nec- 
essary to distinguish one word from another, where both 
have the same consonant outline. It requires a good de- 
gree of familiarity with the system to be able to read this 
style of writing readily. After reports are taken, however, 
it is customary to go over the manuscript and insert the 
prominent vowels, so that any one may afterward read it 
with ease. 

137. Positive and negative words containing the same 
consonants, should be distinguished thus : — When the 
word commences with r, (except this letter is followed by 
m,) write the upward r; for the positive word, and the 
downward one for the negative ; thus, s\ rcsponsl- 
bel, "^ irr.sponsibel ; /* rczoTqt, 6~~ irezolyt. The 
common words C~ mortal, <^-' imortal , r^f mate- 
rial, J ^ / T imatsrial, may be distinguished by writing 
the positive on the line, and the negative above it. In all 
other cases, insert the initial vowel in the negative word* 
thus ; <Q ilejibel, &c. The vowel should be inserted 
first that it may not be omitted in rapid writing. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 103 

% • 

LIST OF WORDS CONTALNING THE SAME CONSONANTS: 

DISTINGUISHED BY A DIFFERENCE OF OUTLINE. 

S Vi pattern, patron 
\ \ patient, passionate 
\ /X c \ purpose, perhaps 
%> \A proceed, persued 

property, propriety 
-*V ? preparation, appropriation, proportion 
N^yl proportioned, proportionate 
\ 3 |*i protection, production 
*S \/i P ert ain, appertain 
cv \ \sf*~ prosecute, persecute 
^ ^ -> . \/ prosecution, persecution 

V. \/0 oppressor, pursuer 
v N • beautify, beatify 

\/t *\ birth, breath 

\y\ % V ^ artar ' traitor, trader 
J y 7 train, turn 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

attainable, tenable 

— | — *? daughter, debtor, and deter 
.Vtv..J„ L auditor, auditory, editor 
1 \ diseased, deceased 
J fr desolate, dissolute 
j- 5 \> desolation, dissolution 
L_p y^ idleness, dullness 
|^ U-O demonstrate, administrate 

£ y agent, gentleman 
/ / gentle, genteel 

• cost, caused 

-rrr^L f* collision, coalition, collusion 

v' \yf corporal, corporeal 

J credence, accordance 

c^ * V' greatly, gradually 

\c^ ^N favored, favorite 



Ne__ \q fiscal, physical 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 105 

V-^ ^n_ & vm > frame, — form, farm 
\y >j support, separate 

steady, study, — stead 

P [j situation, station 
P J sure, assure 
^ f*\ labored, elaborate 
^ /^\ learned, v., adj. 

A "V^ "X, A writer, reader, orator, rhetor 

f / \ ruined, renewed 
+~^9 **) impatient, impassioned 
*— \0 ^~\\ innovation, invasion 
S "V V ^ ^a^ indefinite, undefined 
v -v ^^V- unavoidable, inevitable 

This list might be greatly extended, but space will 
not permit it here ; from the examples given, the 
student will learn what forms to give each word, where 
different outlines are lequired for words that might be 
misread, if written alike. Quite an extensive list of words, 
two or more of them having the same outline, necessarily, 
are distinguished by position ; of which take the following: 
piety, 1 pity, 2 opposition, 1 position, 2 possesion; 3 prescrip- 
tion, 1 proscription; 2 diminish, 1 admonish, 2 &c. 



10 3 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

ALL THE WORD SIGNS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 

Those marked with a * are written above the line. 



. A 


| dear 


'*" v > improvement 


N all * 


difficulty 


w in * 


' already * 


| do 


o is * 


. an. and 


} done 


it 


b~ according* 


) establMi 


— kingdom* 


~3 account 


1 every 


w language 


/ advantage 


o fast 


-> Lord* 


Rafter 


. for 


\ member 


—a again 


*N from 


-~ might * 


(^ alone 


fc full 


£~^more 


"^\ are 


y general 


*? Mr. * 


o as 


y gentleman 


^ my* 


\ be 


/ gentlemen * 


— nature 


\ been 


— give-n * 


._^ no 


A beyond* 


- God* 


^ nor* 


, but 


— good 


w not * 


— ji * 


<— great 


^\ object 


f- called* 


V have 


^\> objection 


— 9 can 


*— % him 


of* 


"* cannot* 


how 


I oh 


c— care 


v I* 


/ on* 


— come 


«■* immediate * 


c^> one 


— could 


**** importance * 


^-5 opinion * 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



107 



<\ opportunity 
/ or * 


*) their, there 
( them 


< were 
(/ where 


c \ particular * 


(^ then 


> what * 


V-^ Phonography 
^/pleasure 
v \ principle 
— quite * 
<T^ remark * 


n^*/ thing * 
( thought * 
} three 
\ to 

— together 


e_- > when * 

/ which 

'- while 

• who 

l why * 


% remember 


r toid 


r win 


J shall 


1 toward 


c with* 


J? short * 


1 truth 


( without 


/ should 


s tWO 


c^ wont 


) so 


w under 


"N word 


°\ spirit * 
^ subject 


_J usual 


</ world 

> would 


No subjection 


) was 


« ye* 


J) sure 


"\ way 


o yet 


T tell, till 


c we * 


A you 


( that * 


{ well 


f~ your 


. the * 


c^ went * 


£~ yours 



On the following page is a different class of word-signs; 
but two or three new characters are used, the signification 
being indicated by the position in which the sign is writ- 
ten to the line. Three positions are recognized: on the 
line, above the line, and through or below the line. In 
the table the line of writing is suggested by a dotted 
line, which will guide the learner as to where the word 
should be written. 



103 m 

~/Z. Allow 
- — -* another 
v ' any 
—I— at 
-^>r- away 

\ by 

diffc rent-ce 
J, Doctor 
—J- down 
---] - during 

/ each 
*) either 

V^ ever 
-V^-- few 
.-|- had 
:^. happy 
"^ here-ar 



S'L'AL OF III >S iGRAPIIY. 




1 ^V" however 


.^_ 


perfect 


s,if 


-v 


practice-able 


"[- itself 


"> 


read 


-3 kind 


V 


see 


--^- large 


<■- 


than 


I _^.. may 


t' 


thank 


m. me 


( 


thee 


' ^ mind 


L 


these 


"7^" much 


i- 


those 


| — neither 


•-<--- 


though 


f\_- num bcr 




through 


-^™ other 


i 




JL 


time 


ought 






; ° 


A- 


us 


i >. 


j 




i -^V- our 
I -A- ours 






y- 


use (verb 


•v 


value 


^- ourselves 






._..[__ out 


v 


view 


53r own 


c. 


will (noun) 



MANUAL OF PHOXOGRAPHT. 

CONTRACTED WORDS. 



109 



In addition to the word signs that have been given, 
represented by the alphabetic signs, simple and compound, 
a list of contracted words is given below. These are 
abbreviated by giving the more prominent consonants 
that would be employed in writing the word in full- 
Words having a* affixed, are written above the line. 



S acknowledge, 


"*\ indispensable, 


~~Z acknowledged, 


> " v individual,* 


because,* 


^-^ influence,* 


L doctrine, 
} especial-ly, 


^—y influential,* 


I instruction. 
1 interest, 


\ expensive, 


"\ irregular. 


~~\/ extraordinary, 


"/^knowledge, 


\ extravagant, 


— >~P — \ manuscript, 


V^/ forward, 


^ myself,* 


.^1 highly,* 


....y. natural 


'"""*> himself, 


^"~\^ never, 


~.~..^ imperfect, 


S^ nevertheless, 


~ ~>o imperfection, 


> — < new, 


"** B "fc importance,* 


n^? next, 


"C^s— impracticable, 


^p notwithstanding, 


S *-^P inconsistent, 


v^l'OW, 



110 MANUAL OF 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


\ peculiarity, 


^_ several, 


N -\_A- Phonetic Society, 


<s-^s something, 


Vy' Phonographer, 


v 7 ^^^ Spelling Reform 


\j — Phonographic, 


°^ surprise, 


\ W«*M& 


J-^ transcript, 


N^ PUbll- cat i on 


1 r transgress. 


/~~ regular, 


^p understand, 


/\ represent, 


^ understood, 


/\ | represented, 


"""ft^ universal, 


/\) representation, 


< =--v whenever, 


/\ republic, 


^~V^ whensoever, 


>^v respect, 


^/^ wherever. 


X responsible, 


(J^ wheresoever, 


—fL satisfaction, 





In the complete reporting style, the list of contracted 
words is considerably extended; but, like the above, they 
are all very suggestive to the reflective student, and when 
met with in correspondence or elsewhere, there will sel- 
dom he any difficulty in determining what they are. The 
Reporter's Manual, or other text book of the kind, adver- 
tised on the cover, con tain | complete lists of word-signs, 
contracted words, phraseography, &c, the study of which 
will be essential to verbatim reporting, but unnecessary 
for ordinary purposes of writing. 



MANUAL OF PH3NJGBAPHY. 
PHRASEOGEAPBY. 



Ill 



Pbraseography consists in writing two or mor.i word 
signs together, without lifting the pen ; and in the report- 
ing style, it is extended to the writing of word-signs with 
words written in full, but not vocalized. The first sign 
in a phrase should be written in its natural position, while 
those that follow take any position that most faciliates the 



; 



"^ 



s 



all which 
any thing 
are not 

as far 

as far as 



Qm£> as good as 

'e- as great as 

<X^ as it has been 

qq as soon as 

Qa as soon as possible 

^° as well as 

J_^_^at the same time 



\ be able to 
could be 



could not be 



A 

J do not 
V« for instance 

£rS> he has been 
if there is 

have been 
^ I am 

~"5 I am not 

-J I do 

J I do not 



s 



112 MANUAL OF 


PI10NOGRA.I-HT. 


r I do not think 


^° I will not 


J I had not 


<*i may as well 


^ I have 


*~\ naay be 


V. I have been 


Ov must be 


-\— I have done 


^~~£\ must have 


^ I have not 


■-~*>^- must not 


V. if it 


. . no doubt 


\j if it had not 


^ of course 


S: if it were 


"^"^ on account of 


y in such 


L ought to be 


^ is not 


. should be 


L iL is 


si should have 


(^ it is not 


r^ should not 


\) it would 


^ so as to 


L it would be 


jC—s such as can 


v/~ I will 


(j that is 



T there are 
1 there are not 
1^ there would not 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 113 

| £ we were 

! 

^ — ^ when there is 



1-x there would not have 
^ been 

V think that 
K) this is 



1 



v to be 

to do 
\ to have 
*vy you should be 
r/^ you will 
-■/\you will be able to 
tS* you will not 

\_ we have 

\> we have not 



S 



we have not had 
10 



"Ny whether or not 

4 which would 

£. which would not be 

5 which it would be 

4 which il would havi 
^-v been 

P will not 

'\ at ill not be 

/ without doubt 

/ with which 

/ with which it 

f with which it is not 



who are 






would be 



would not be 



114 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

A "word of caution is necessary against a too extensive 
use of phraseography; it should never be allowed to de- 
stroy the lineality of the writing, nor make difficult join- 
ings. In either case, time will be saved by removing the 
pen from the paper, and commencing afresh. 

In phraseography, the, or some other unimportant word, 
is occasionally omitted; as, ^-^ in the world-, Va__ f or 
the sake of. The connective word and is sometimes writ- 
ten in connection with the following word, where it may 
be represented by a short horizontal stroke; 7 and the, 

rr and which. 



WRITING EXERCISE XXXVI. 

Not*.— In the following exercise, instead of repeating the initial words of 
phrases every time they are to be written, they are indicated by dashes; and 
toe words forming a phrase are connected by hyphens. 

91. Gl-hiz, (Gl'z) — iz lost, — hwic,, — dis, — dat-iz-sed, 

— men, — dar, — sucj-tiijz, — important. 

Or. Ov-it, — hwi£ — sue,, az-qr, — me, (mi,) — mjn, 

(men,) — dar, — importans, — hiz, — advantej, — dis kjnd, — 
dat, — dem, — kors. 

On. On-el, sur;, — ak^nt-ov, — mj, — us, — hur, 

— dar, — hiz, sjd. 

Tu. Tu-it, — dm, — be, — hav, bin, dun, — 

sum-ekstent, — luv, — him, — dat, — meni. 

Hm. Ilui-iz-dis, — wud, — — not, — ma, not, 

(man-t,) — kan, — no, — qr, not, (qnrt) 

Xud. Xud-bc, — not-be, — hav, — dm, — not-hav-sed, — 

— tigk-dat. 

$. I-am, — ma, — am-not, or ma-not, — dm, (had,) 

not, (don # t hadn't,) — hav, not, (wid huk,) bin 

— kan-not, — wil, — tigk, — Jal, — nevur, — ned, — — 
not-sa, — hop, — fer, — beg, — am-veri-sori-inded, — hop- 
ym-wil-not-hav-rezun-tu-regret, — hav-no-d-st. 

Hy. H-s-kud, — kan, — iz-dis, -- i e ; , — ma, — so- 
evur. 

Yui. Yui-Jud, not, — kud, - kan, — ma, — wil, 

— qr, (r up stroke) not, (qrn-t,) — must, be-surten. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 115 

We. We-wer, — dm, — did, — hav, sen, — f irjk, — 

Jal, — qr, (r up strok,) not, — find. 

Wid. Wid-it, — hwiq, — dis, — dat, — dem, — hwic,-yui- 
qr-akwanted, — suq-az-qr. 

Wer. Wer-da, — we, — dat. Hwar-iz, (hwarz) (r up 
strok.) 

Hvvot. Hwot-iz, — wer, — wild, — dui, — if, — qr, — 
kud-be, posibli. 

Wild. Wud-yui, — "be, — dui, — hav, — not, — not-hav- 
sed. 

B. Be-sed, — abel-tu. Bj-dis, — me, — meni, — sum- 
menz, — evuri-menz, — sum-pursunz, — dar. 

T. It-iz, not, sed, sum, (de last tui wid 

a dubel surkel,) mi, — ma, — kan, — kud, — wud. 

©t-tu-be, At-sug, — prezent, — de-sam-tim. 

D. Dui-da, — not, (don't,) dst. 

6. Hwig-wiid, — bad, — kud, — kan, — baz, bin, 

— iz-not, — qr, not, — ma, — mit, — wil, (<jt.) H wiq- 

it-iz, ma, wud, kud-not-hav. 

F. If -dat, — ym, — dar, (dubel-f abuv de lin.) For-suq, 

az-qr, — hwicj, — sum-tim, — for-dar, (dubel-f on de 

lp.) If-it-wer be iz, bad. 

Y. Hav-ym, — bin, — had, — sed. Yeri-giad, — grat, — 
sam, — surten, — wel, — sum, — mug. Evuri-pqrt, — wun, 

— pursun, — man. 

EL Kink-dat, — ym-qr, wil, ma. 

a. Widst-d^t, — hwig, — suq. clat-it, iz, 

haz-bin, woz, — qr, not, — iz-not. tu-be, 

— baz, — bwiq. <Ia-wer, — dra, — had, — hay, — ma. — 
3is-tim, — da, — advantej. cTar-wiid, — kan, — kmd, — 

— not-hav-bin, — iz, (haz,) — Jal, — wil, — qr, sum- 
pursunz, — ma. 

S. So-az, tia, — it-semz, — veri, — litel, — muq, 

— meni. Suq-wud, — iz, — az, — — qr, ma, 

kan, — kud, hav, woz, wil. 

Z. Iz-it, not; az-it, wud, woz, ma, 

haz. Az-giad, az, — grat, az, — fqr, 

az, — wel, — meni, — smn-az. Iz-not; haz-not. 

S. Xal-be, — hav, — dm, — find, — not, Jert-hand. 

L. Wil, — not, — be, — hav, — find. 

R. Hr-yui, — sumtimz, — sori, — not; yui qr veri, 

truili. 

M. Ma-be, — hav, — da, — az-wel, — konsidur. Mit- 
hav, — dis, — s£m. Must-be, — tri, — dm, — kum, — go, 



116 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

— se, — not. Most-hapi, (mos'-hapi,) — ljkli, — impor- 
tant. Meni-timz, — tigz. — raor, — ov-dem. 

N. In-el, — konsekwens, — fakt, — dis, — suq, — meni- 
tigz, — hiz. Eni-wun, — dig, — bodi. Xo-pqrt, — dut, — 

rezun, — mor, tjm, — wun, — tig, (in ful.) X^-sur. 

Not, — be, — kwjt, — dat, — in, — onli, — n*, — non; ned- 
not. Ner-wcr, — o-dfa, — qr. 



WRITING EXERCISE XXXVII. 
(In phrawogTaphy. and contaioiog all the Word-Signs.) 

OX IMPRIUVMEXT. 

Establijments for impruivment, pqnikymlurli ov de mjud, 
<y veri important tigz in a kigdurn; and de mor so hwar i:-:z 
yuijuial wid-deni tu establij and praktL- gud prinsipelz. U. 
fonografik establijmeut in pqrtikyuilur, iz not-ouli an imediet 
advantej tu cvuri jentelman hui iz a membur ov-it, but : 
Akordig tu jenural opinyun, Fonografi iz a subjekt we Jud el- 
bav ple3ur in, and tigk upon; wid^t it, laggwej iz not hwot-it- 
fud-le — a rrrnqrk in-hwiq-dar-iz grat triut, and tu-hwic dar- 
kan-be no objekjun. xIIb, or-on hwot prinsipel, kan we be 
gud or grat widst-impruivment. Remembur. dat evuri tig iz 
an objekt ov-importans dat kumz undur it; and, beyond el, dat 
de Juir wurd ov de Lord God woz given fer impruivment 

Aftur hwot-i-hav-told-ym, *qr-dar yet objekjunz tu-it. 
"Wer dar, an aksnt ov-dem wild elredi hav-bin given. Grat 
and gud tigz kan not kum tugedur wid3t-impnuvmer.t. Xud 
j-be-told-dat it-ma-hav-bin so, j-Jal remqrk-dat, from hwot 
l no ov-de jenural spirit ov el, de tnut iz az j-hav given it, ner 
kan yiu objekt tu-it. In Jort, jentelmen, establij it az yuir 
furst prinsipel, dat-ym-wil-not giv up; but, az yui hav opur- 
tu,niti, dua el dat-kan-be-dun tordz impruivment in evuri tig; 
bo wil ym giv ple3ur, not tu-me-alon, but tu el. 



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Published & Sold by Loiigley & Brother, Cin'ti., 0. 

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TYPE OF THE TIMES. 

An Independent Weekly Plionetie Paper. 

Commencing Jan. 7th, 1854. 
LOJfGLEY BROTHERS, EDITORS &, PUBLISHERS, 

CINCINNATI, O. 
Hj=OJ«.— So. 1G9^ Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth streets. 

In the opinion of the publishers of the paper herein proposed, and in the 
estimation of many of their friends and former patrons, in the publication of 
the "Weekly Phonetic Advocate," ire have labored in too limited a sphere. 
Accordingly, with the commencement of a new volume, Jan. 7, 1654, it will 
assume a new name — one more in accordance with the grand purpose of our 
calling and enterprise. 

Of newspapers, we readily admit there is a great superabundance ; but 
they are very nearly all either devoted to party, sect, or hobby; or else 
manifest such a timid neutrality as disgusts the intelligent and fearless inquirer 
after truth. Very few journals in America, or indeed any other country, reflect, 
candidly and thoroughly, the sentiments and movements of the age "in which 
they flourish; only one here and there can, in fact, be regarded as a Type of 
the Times. And yet, periodicals ofthis class are alone fitted to build up, men- 
tally, the trck man ; they only can satisfy the searcher after all useful and 
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blaze of the nineteenth century. 

It ie required, in onlu-r to produce, weekly, a faithful 
TYPE OF THE TIMES, 

I. The possession of a thorough acquaintance with the politics of our own 
country, and a general know] *&e of the governments of the world beside, 
united "with the ability and Integrity t>> present their various aspects fairh, and 
criticise their tendencies, without prejudice or partiality. 

II. A genuine catholic spirit in reference to Religious matters ; entire free- 
dom from sectarian bent, but liberal in giving expression to all sentiments, 
candidly and properly offered. 

III. "A mind sufficiently progressive to appreciate the theoretical consisten- 
cy and the practical utility of ail genuine Reforms, whether in our Social, Re- 
ligious or Political institutions ; coupled with the manliness requisite for the 
advocacy of any truth, w hether papular, or under the ban of public opinion. 

On this Platform we propose to conduct a journal of the above title; and, 
with the talent employed, we have the fullest confidence we shall make it a 
FIRST CLASS FAMILY NEWSPAPER! 

In addition to sustaining the foregoing lading characteristics, its columns 
will present an interesting variety of Original Miscellany, Poetry, and the other 
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Our long and successful experience in the newspaper business enables us to 
warrant its regular publication on and after January 7th, 1854. 

LCFTERMS, (invariably in advance,)— 1 Copy a year, $2,00. 

1 3 Copies " 3,0©. 

Address, (post-paid.) LOHGLEY BROTHERS, Cincinnati, 0. 

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THE YOUTH'S FRIEND, is an elegant monthly paper, devoted to 
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bellished with Portraits and Historical Illustrations: partly in the Phonetic Or- 
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For either of the above publications, address, post paid, Long'.ey Brothers, 
Cincinnati, O. 

TTPLongley Brothers are also engaged in the General Printing and 
Publishing Business, and respectfully invite the attention of all persons 
having anything to do with such establishments. 



, 0pu)Ioi)3 of Jqcijehs 

In regard to the Manual of Phonography. 

The publishers of the Manual prefer giving the opinions of 
,'eachers who have used the book, and can speak from experi- 
ence of its merits, to copying the editorial (and paid for) no- 
tices of reviewers who have most likely never read a dozen 
pages of the work, and know as little of Phonography itself. 
The expressions of approval below were entirely unsolicited, 
and of course were not'designed for publication. 

The first is from an experienced and competent Phonographic 
Teacher in Delaware (0.) College, H. Peksing. 

I have seen Pitman's, Andrews and Boyle's, "Webster's and 
Booth's text books on Phonography, and to all of these yours is far 
superior ; the explanations being more lucid and the examples 
more copious than in any of the others ; and indeed it is better 
calculated to give the private learner full instruction in the art 
than anything that has ever been presented to the public. 

An excellent Phonographer, Geo. H. Fleming, now in Buffalo-, 
N T., writes thus : 

By the way, I like your Manual very much % I consider it as 
far ahead of Webster's, for real, practical instruction, as his 
work is in advance of Andrews & Boyle's- Class-book. The 
rules for the upward R, L, and E, I consider invaluable ; at least I 
know this, that if I had had them when I commenced the study 
of Phonography, it would have saved me easily one month's 
application, if not considerable more. The carrying out the 
phraseography to the extent you have, I think a very important 
and acceptable feature. The very limited extent to which this, 
and even the list of grammalogues are carried in the Class-book, 
was the cause of much dissatisfaction on my part toward that 
work, and when I obtained Webster's Teacher, his introducing a 
few new phrases and grammalogues was the cause of my pre- 
ferring the Teacher to the Class-book ; but on receiving the 
Manual, Teacher and Class-book were left,. as our hoosier friends 
would say, " no whar." 

" Please to send immediately two copies more of your Manual. 
I have just received those you sent me and of all the Phonogra- 
phic instruction books that I have used, I think it is by far the 
best." — H. D. Smalley, New Baltimore, Ohio. 

"I like your Manual better than anything I have yet seen." 
Rev. J. W. Towner, Leroy, Ohio. 

" The Manual has been received and is the best book of the 
kind I have seen. It is just the thing needed." — G. E. Hicsocs 
Congress, Ohio. 



k WORD OF ADVICE. 

The student of Phonography, after lie has gone through lite Mancal, will 
6tlll need farther help, to make him a fluent writer and ready reader. The 

author would suggest two sou re -is from which to obtain aid: 1st. Membership 
in the American Phonetic Society ; 2d, a subscription to the Weekly Pho- 
netic Advocate and monthly rhorthand Supplement, advertisements of which 
•ee below. 

THE AMERICAN PHONETiC SOCIETY. 

This Society was established the first of November, 1948, having its origin 
in Cincinnati O. Its principal objectsare. 

1. The union and the co-operation of all friends of the Spelling Reform in 
the United state?. Territories, aad the Canadas. 

2. To keep a census of the extent and progress of the reform movement. 

3. And by publishing the names and addresses of new members every week 
in the Phonetic Advocate, and annually a list of the whole Society, to famish 
each member with a directory that will" enable him or her to hold correspond- 
ence, in phonetic writing, with individuals in almost any part of America, — 
thus rendering their phonetic knowledge of immediate practical advantage. 

There are three classes of members: 1. Those who write phonetic short- 
hand : 2. XI tits only the phonetic longhand, whose names are 
printed in italic*-: and honorary members, distinguished by a * who contribute 
$1 or more to the Spelling Reform Fund. AH other members are expected to 
contribute accordingly their ability and disj>osition to forward the great pho- 
netic cause. Minors are requested to give tin- r g . 

The funds of the Society wil , fray the expenses of publishing 

the Annual List, in printing tracts forgratuitous circulation, and other means of 
propagation. 

Application for membership and contributions of money to b? forwarded, 
postpaid, to E. Longley, Secretary. 



THK WEEKLY TYPE OF THE TIMF.3 

Is a Journal of News, Science, Literature, Education and Reform. 
Printed in Phonetic Spelling. 
{See Prosptctur for 1854 on page 

SUPPLEMENT TO THE 'TIMES." 

16 PAGES, MONTHLY, AT 75 CT8 A YEAR; OR 50 CTS WITH THE " TIMES.*" 

The Supplement i»tbe largest and cheapest Phonographic periodical publish- 
ed, either in this country or in England. It began its 3d volume in A 
1852, at which timetbe price was reduced one fourth. Il is written in pro.-- 

the art: the nVst half of the sheet in the simple Corresponding style, 
another portion in a kin** of Transition hand, in which the reporting forms are 
explained bv doted outline- ire-a ritien in long-hand ; and a few 

pages. also." in the most condensed Reporting Style. In the Corresponding 
style frequent suggestions will be given to assist the learner to an acquisition of 
a good stvle of writing, ami th • I bility to read flu.nth: and from the English 
'•Reporter." as well as from the • *riU be pre- 

sented such improvements in the Repor .nay from time to time be 

made. ... . u 

Thus the Supplement will constitute an invaluable companion to every pno- 
nozrapher in the United St ties, an 1 it is hoped the low price at which it ofTer- 
edVill secure for it a very 1 irge circulation. 






02" 275 491 3 







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